Does Globalization necessarily lead to cultural homogenization? Essay

Globalization entered everyday English usage in the early Sixties, following the periodical of Marshall McLuhan’s Gutenberg Galaxy (Mc Luhan 1962). Malcolm Waters, a principal authority on the subject, define globalization as a â€Å"process in which the limits of geography on social and cultural arrangements retreat and [as a consequence] people become ever more aware that [such constraints] are retreating† (Waters 1995, p. 3). The term ‘global’ is an astoundingly recent creation, appearing for the first time in the 1986 second edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. The OED’s definition of ‘to globalize’ is easy and to the point: â€Å"to render global. † In globalization â€Å"a large and increasing proportion, whether native or of immigrant backgrounds, are also people with little or no education and few Marketable skills† (Cohen and Kennedy: 2000, 75). â€Å"Globalization, in transnational corporate lingo, is conceived as the last of three stages of global transformation since 1945† (Jameson and Miyoshi 1998). The impact of the new world economy has been just as great on North-South relations as on North-North ones. For one thing, as Manuel Castells suggests, some parts of the South are becoming increasingly irrelevant and marginal to the world economy (Castells, 1997). In other parts, the possibilities for information-based development are there, but a totally different set of new policies is required. These policies would have to be based on the development of human productive potential. In popular usage, globalization is associated with the idea that advanced capitalism, aided by digital and electronic technologies, will ultimately obliterate local traditions and creates a homogenized, world culture. Critics of globalization argue that human experience everywhere is becoming fundamentally the same. The transformative power of digital technologies in a globalised world means that â€Å"information and knowledge have now become media of production, displacing many kinds of manual work. Marx thought that the working class would bury capitalism but as it has turned out, capitalism has buried the working class† (Hutton and Giddens 2001:22). Globalization is both Homogeneity-Heterogeneity as it â€Å"refers to both the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole†. In other words, it covers the acceleration in concrete global interdependence and in consciousness of the global whole (Robertson 1992: 8). It involves the crystallization of four main components of the â€Å"global-human circumstance†: societies (or nation-states), the system of societies, individuals (selves), and humankind. This takes the form of processes of, respectively, societalization, internationalization, individuation, and generalization of consciousness about humankind (Robertson 1992: 215-6; 1992: 27). Rather than referring to a multitude of historical processes, the concepts above all capture â€Å"the form in terms of which the world has moved towards unicity† (Robertson, 1992: 175). This form is practically contested. Closely linked to the process of globalization is therefore the â€Å"problem of globality† or the cultural terms on which coexistence in a single place becomes possible (Robertson, 1992: 132). The actual process of globalization has been erratic, chaotic, and slow. Some observers of modern politics argue that a basic version of world culture is taking shape among extremely educated people, particularly those who work in the rarefied domains of international finance, media, and diplomacy. Hyper elites of this nature make up what Samuel Huntington (1996) calls a â€Å"Davos culture†, named after the Swiss town that hosts yearly meetings of the World Economic Forum. Whatever their ethnic, spiritual, or national origin, Davos participants are said to follow a identifiable lifestyle characterized by consistent behaviour (social ease, aristocratic manners, and the ability to tell jokes), technological complexity (knowledge of the latest software, communications systems, and media innovations), complex understanding of financial markets and currency exchange, postgraduate education in influential institutions, common dress and grooming codes, similar body obsession (dietary restraint, vitamin regimes, fitness routines), and a control of American-style English which they use as the main medium of communication. â€Å"Super cultures in the global age of communication which is distinguished by growing and ‘complex connectivity’† (Tomlinson 1999) Davos people, it is asserted, are instantly identifiable and feel more comfortable in each other’s presence than they do amongst less sophisticated compatriots. The World Economic Forum no longer commands the consideration it did in the Nineties, but the term â€Å"Davos† has entered world vocabulary as a synonym for late-Twentieth-Century cosmopolitanism. Building on this idea, the sociologist Peter Berger (1997) argued that the globalization of Euro-American academic agendas and lifestyles has formed a worldwide â€Å"faculty club culture†. Since the Sixties, international funding agencies have sustained academic exchanges and postgraduate training for scholars in developing countries, permitting them to build alliances with Western colleagues. The long-term consequence, Berger argues, is the formation of a global network in which similar values, attitudes, and research goals are collective. Network participants have been instrumental in encouraging feminism, environmentalism, and human rights as global issues. Berger cites the anti-smoking movement as a case in point: the movement began as an elite North American preoccupation in the Seventies and consequently spread to other parts of the world following the forms of academe’s global network. As with Davos sophisticates, members of the international faculty club rely on English to communicate with each other. The anthropologists Ulf Hannerz and Arjun Appadurai have studied similar elites that work on a global scale. Hannerz (1990) believes that a world culture appeared in the late Twentieth Century, stemming from the activities of â€Å"cosmopolitans† who nurtured an intellectual approval for local cultures in the developing world. The new global culture, in this interpretation, is based on the â€Å"organization of diversity† rather than â€Å"a replication of uniformity. † â€Å"Cultural globalization refers to the intensification and expansion of cultural flows across the globe. Obviously, ‘culture’ is a very broad concept; it is frequently used to describe the whole of human experience† (Steger 2003: 69). By the end of millennium, international elites had organized dozens of NGOs to assist preserve cultural diversity in the developing world. Institutions such as Cultural Survival (located in Cambridge, Massachusetts) now work on a world scale, drawing attention to indigenous groups that expect to see themselves as â€Å"first peoples†Ã¢â‚¬â€a new, global description that emphasizes common experiences of utilization. Appadurai (1997) claims that modern diasporas are not simply transnational but â€Å"post national† meaning that people who work in these spheres are unaware of national borders and socialize in a social world that has several home bases. Fundamental to these elite visions of globalism is a disinclination to describe exactly what is meant by culture. This is not unexpected, given that the idea of culture has become one of the most contentious issues in contemporary social sciences. Throughout most of the Twentieth Century, anthropologists defined culture as a shared set of beliefs, customs, and ideas that held people together in identifiable, self-identified groups. Scholars in several disciplines challenged the idea of cultural coherence as it became obvious that members of close-knit groups held fundamentally different visions of their social worlds. Culture is no longer professed as a pre-programmed mental library, a knowledge system inherited from ancestors. Modern anthropologists, sociologists, and media specialists treat culture as a set of ideas, aspects, and expectations that are continually changing as people respond to changing circumstances. This logical development reflects communal life at the turn of the Twenty-First Century; the disintegration of Soviet socialism and the rise of cyber capitalism , both of which have increased the perceived speed of societal change everywhere. Globalization empowers the hybridization of nations and communities to fight cultural imperialism or chauvinism by helping them to describe who they are, where they come from, and where they are going. Globalization and technology assist communities to develop cultural networks, free from state or hierarchical controls, regulations, or limitations. It also helps to demystify cultural differences by easing intercultural connectedness, interactions and hybridization. Therefore, while properly managed, globalization can be good for cultural inspiration, diversity and development. There is a ‘new cosmopolitanism’ in the air as, through criticism, the concept has been rediscovered and reinvented. As the late Nineties there was a sharp increase in literature that attempted to relate the discourse on globalization (in cultural and political terms) to a redefinition of cosmopolitanism for the global age. â€Å"The new cosmopolitanism is the prerogative of wealthy, self-serving, anational agents of capital on the one hand and, on the other, international moralists. † Nussbaum, 1996, 5. For this reason it is worth pointing out that etymologically, cosmopolitan is a blend of ‘cosmos’ and ‘polis’. Thus ‘cosmopolitanism’, captivatingly enough, relates to a pre-modern ambivalence towards a dual identity and a dual devotion. Every human being is rooted (beheimatet) by birth in two worlds, in two communities: in the cosmos (namely, nature) and in the polis (namely, the city/state). More exactly, every individual is rooted in one cosmos, but concurrently in different cities, territories, ethnicities, hierarchies, nations, religions, and so on. This is not an elite but rather an inclusive plural membership (Heimaten). Being part of the cosmos nature, all men (and even all women) are equal; yet being part of diverse states organized into territorial units (polis), men are different (bearing in mind that women and slaves are expelled from the polis). Leaving aside for one moment the issue of women and slaves, ‘cosmopolitanism’ at its root includes what was separated by the logic of barring later on. â€Å"Cosmopolitan† ignores the either/or principle and symbolizes ‘Sowohl-alsauch thinking’, the ‘this-as-well-as-that’ principle. This is an ancient ‘hybrid’, ‘melange’, ‘scape’, ‘flow’ idea that is even more structured than the new offshoots of globalization discourse. Thus cosmopolitanism generates logic of non-exclusive oppositions, making ‘patriots’ of two worlds that are concurrently equal and different. The â€Å"anti-globalization† label became prevalent after the Seattle demonstration, apparently â€Å"†¦a coinage of the US media† (Graeber 2002:63). However, it is significant to realize that the term is strongly contested amongst activists – and that many, if not most, reject the label â€Å"anti-globalization† entirely. So what is it, exactly, that activists oppose? Although there has been significant attention paid lately to militarism in the context of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, it seems to me that most activist accounts in recent years have focused more centrally on phenomena linked with economic globalization: the increasing power of corporations, the growing role of international financial institutions, and the neoliberal policies of trade liberalization and privatization propounded by the latter and from which the former benefit. These are seen to produce economic inequality, social and environmental destruction, and cultural homogenization. They are also accused of leaching power and autonomy away from people and governments – of being anti-democratic. Such an understanding of â€Å"the enemy† chimes with many commentaries on the movement (Starr 2000; Danaher and Burbach 2000). It can also be discerned on activist websites. The Charter of Principles of the World Social Forum (2002) declares participant groups â€Å"†¦opposed to neoliberalism and to domination of the world by capital and any form of imperialism†. The statement of principles on the Globalize Resistance site (2002a) indicates that it is primarily against the extension of corporate power over people’s lives under the heavy hand of international financial institutions similar to the WTO and IMF. The group’s newsletters then target the exploitative practices of particular multinational corporations and draw attention to problems of debt and financial restructuring. Lastly, the Peoples’ Global Action manifesto (1998) articulated opposition to the expansion of the role of â€Å"capital, through the help of international agencies† and trade agreements. There are significant resonances here with academic depictions of globalization. I have argued elsewhere that an ‘economic-homogenization’ model of globalization is becoming increasingly dominant in both academic and popular usage, which focuses attention on the improved combination of the global economy and its homogenizing effect on state policy and culture (Eschle 2004). Such a model is prevalent in International Relations (IR). It is characteristic of liberal IR approaches that support globalization that skeptical refutations of globalization are described as exaggerated and ideological and critical IR theories condemn globalization as profoundly damaging. It is with this last, critical, approach in IR that we find the strongest resonance with activist discourses. Both activist and academic critics share the assumption that globalization equates with the neo-liberal economic developments described above. Then, in an extremely significant move, these developments might be linked to the underlying structures of the economy and globalization reinterpreted as the latest stage of capitalism. According to Klein, â€Å"the critique of ‘capitalism’ just saw a comeback of Santana like proportions† (2002:12). The global culture is usually used in contemporary academic discourse to distinguish the experience of everyday life in specific, exclusive localities.

Ethics in Food Labeling and Packaging

Ethical Food Labeling and Packaging After seeing the ad on television or in the weekly grocer flyer, seeing the actual labeling on a product is what consumers have to make informed choices. What started out to be another form of advertising and last attempt to sell a product, food packaging and labeling has been regulated through the FDA and FD&C to require certain information. It was declared to be the policy of the Congress to assist consumers and manufacturers in reaching these goals in the marketing of consumer goods (Regulatory).Beyond giving the name of the food, net quantity of contents, name and address of manufacturer, statement of ingredients and nutrition information, a product can still be misleading beyond the principal display panels. Accurate and legally complete labels make sense from the standpoints of both ethics and good business (Scott par. 1). Consumers depend on product labels every day to make informed decisions when buying products and those misleading and dec eptive labels make it much more difficult to make good purchasing decisions.Proper labeling to provide the consumer with useful, factual information was the rationale for the original FDCA misbranding provisions, and that motivation has not changed in more than half a century (Committee). Label information can be used to mislead the consumer by providing untrue information or to exaggerate their products’ features. As an example, nutrient information claiming â€Å"low fat†, â€Å"100% natural† or â€Å"organic† have been used on products that left out pertinent information in supporting those claims.Unlike 100% Organic, Organic and Made with Organic Processes, which have tight regulations, the FDA has almost no regulations about the use of the word â€Å"natural†. The FDA has not developed a definition for use of the term natural or its derivatives, however the agency had not objected to the use of the term if the food does not contain added color , artificial flavors or synthetic substances (Committee).A product may contain a claim regarding company processes are green or environmentally friendly, however without the claim being associated to the actual business; consumers are left to think that the product itself lines up with the claim due to mislabeling. There are many cases that the packaging does not represent the actual product. For instance, the packaging of a certain product looks nice and attractive. However, when a consumer opens the package, the product does not look as good as it appears on the packaging.Common deceptive packaging tricks include encasing small products in large containers or decreasing the amount of the product in a box (Margaret). Manufacturers have downsized their product, yet kept the same price and closely the same package with a new net weight listed, looking very similar to the previously larger size on the shelves not too long ago (Sullivan). As long as the products didn’t falsely d o all the above and keep the net weight at the same amount, the manufacturer is abiding by the packaging and labeling act.Slack-filled packaging reveals packaging that looks empty or having less of the product than it could actually contain. Yet again, there are legitimate reasons as to why the consumer pays for air. Companies using same sized containers to sell different-sized products to save on packaging costs, added space helps air circulate, preserving freshness and other statements regarding why food items are not packed full can and have been justified (Sullivan).Sullivan maintains that ultimately the reason is to mislead consumers due to the perception that the larger the box, the better the deal. Concerns about environmental and ethical values are closely related. Customers are increasingly seeking to purchase products from companies that are taking care of our environment (Carbonfree). The Federal Trade Commission regulates environmental marketing claims so consumers can b e reasonably confident that any promises apply to most of the packaging or contents of the product and not to â€Å"minor, incidental components†(Margaret).Excessive paper or wrapping and the harms caused by non-biodegradable materials have become a hot topic and companies have realized the public is equally concerned about the ethics of packaging. Not only having safe and effective packaging equipment qualifies companies as being ethical, but the processes and working conditions of employees are under the microscope as well. As an example, a company that produces sugar can have the claim of being â€Å"Carbon Free†.For many consumers, this sounds good and well intentioned, however the claim is not directly for the product but instead meant for how the product was manufactured. Without statements tying the two together the general public will continue to be misled or misinformed. The claim of packaging made out of recycled material when only a small percentage of the c ontainer was indeed recycled is a continuation of product misrepresentation and manufacturers point to shoplifting as an explanation for packing items in difficult-to-open containers (Margaret).Margaret points out that even this issue leads to the environmental issues of how much energy is being expended to produce, ship and properly store the deceptively large packages. Certain food processes have been tolerated that go against what the product represented and are not mentioned on the food label itself. Within the food industry there isn’t a right to know what is in the food as well as the manufacturing processes. Andrews reported that processing aids are substances used to aid food production, which are not found at significant levels in the final product and have no â€Å"functional or technical effects† on the food. Lean finely textured beef† (LFTB) otherwise known as â€Å"Pink Slime† is produced by mashing and sterilizing beef scraps with ammonia. Ev en though a large portion of the burger patties produced, including McDonald’s up until recently, undergo the ammonia cleanse, there is no need to label it due to the FDA and USDA not requiring food makers to list processing aids on labels (Andrews). The Food Safety and Inspection Service have thirteen categories of processing aids used in the production of meat, poultry and eggs.Processing aids are defined as a material used to process the food, but having no intentional technical effect on the food itself and having the potential of trace levels to remain in the food after the manufacturing process (Magazine). Based on new government legislations, enhanced media coverage and sensationalism, increased company and personal responsibility and heightened consumer vigilance and demands, the growing global food industry is undergoing a new level of increased controls through new certifications, standards and moving towards global harmonization (Magazine).Consumers ought to break out their grocery calculators and see what gets the best bang for the buck instead of flashy packaging and wording that captures the â€Å"wants† instead of the â€Å"needs† of its consumer base. As Sullivan noted, compare unit prices provided on store shelves as this is the only way to compare a type of product with another. The best thing a consumer can do is vote with their food dollars and to vote smart. As regulations within food packaging and labeling get a closer look it is still up to the consumer to make the decisions best for them and their families.

The Death of Ivan Ilych

The short story, â€Å"The Death of Ivan Ilych†, written by Leo Tolstoy, is about the reactions of a man and his friends to his suffering and death. Everyone who knows Ivan including Ivan himself has led a life of total disconcern for the feelings and sufferings of others. They all lead shallow lives not daring to probe into the feelings deep down inside for fear of stepping outside the lines of propriety. That is the biggest rule that people of that society follow. Do not say or show what you are thinking. Ivan Ilych’s attitude toward life is the same all the way up to his death. He was as the author put it, â€Å"†¦a capable, good-natured, and social man, though strict in the fulfillment of what he considered his duty: and he considered his duty to be what was so considered by those in authority. † (p. 1088) That quote states that Ivan was solely concerned with his duties and his advancement in position by following the orders of his authorities. Ivan was son of a successful man who held many positions in many departments. That man, Ilya Epimovich Golovin, had three sons. The oldest followed his father’s example and was a success. The youngest son was a total failure. He had blown many opportunities and was the shame of the family. Ivan the middle son was the better of the two. Ivan was a mix of his two brothers. He had the hard-working spirit of the older brother but also appreciates the value of a good time like the younger brother. Ivan’s career grew steadily. In a short time, he eventually obtained the position of examining magistrate. Ivan did very well in this position. He excelled in the separation of the personal duties in his life and the official duties to which he was totally dedicated. This taste of power which came with his new position was very appealing to Ivan. The idea that writing a few words or giving a simple command sent people into motion made Ivan very happy. Upon moving to a new town to take up the position of examining magistrate, Ivan met his future wife, Praskovya Fedorovna Mikhel. Ivan saw her as a â€Å"†¦well connected, and was a sweet, pretty, and thoroughly correct young woman. † The view that she was so within the lines of propriety was the most attractive feature which this young woman possessed in Ivan’s view. At first the marriage which Ivan thought couldn’t hurt his pleasure-seeking life didn’t, then according to Ivan she began to disturb the pleasure and propriety of his life. This ordeal only worsened when his wife became pregnant. She became unbearable to him, overly jealous and coarse, becoming an obstacle to his pursuit of happiness and properness. When the child was born, Ivan realized that a life totally separate his family life would be necessary to fulfill the goals he set for himself. He also came to the realization that to keep his marriage in order that he was going to have to adopt the same attitude to his family that he has to his official duties. Ivan developed an attitude towards his family of complete indifference as stated in the story, â€Å"He only required of it those conveniences—dinner at home, housewife, and bed—which it could give him. † (p. 1092) More children arrived and his wife’s attitude only worsened. After three years and becoming a highly looked upon official he received a promotion to the position of Assistant Public Prosecutor. This new promotion made Ivan like his job even more. Meanwhile, more children were born which made Ivan’s life even more difficult. After getting another promotion and moving to another province, the marriage was getting increasingly difficult. To try and overcome this Ivan decided to spend some time in the country with his wife. This move turns out to be a very bad one. Ivan falls into deep depression and decides that some drastic measures are needed. He returns from the country heading towards St. Petersburg with the objective of obtaining a salary of 5,000 rubles a year. Things worked out very much in his favor. He got a promotion two steps above his former position. After obtaining this position, he returned to the country and his marriage life improved immensely. Ivan then proceeded to the province to which they were moving to attempt to locate a house. He found one which suited his tastes perfectly. Ivan turned his attention towards furnishing his house. He searched for all the things which give his house an air of aristocracy and yet not too snobbish. While showing an upholsterer how he wanted the drapes hung, Ivan fell and nearly caught himself but unfortunately managed to hit himself in the side and give himself a large bruise. This is when the health problems begin. The illness began slowly but the pain steadily increased. Ivan visited many doctors, but none of them could give him a solid diagnosis. The pain caused many problems in his life, most of all it interfered with how he did his job. People began to look down upon him. No one really felt sympathy for Ivan. The people whom he called his friends treated him the same as he treated them in his life, with total indifference. Even Ivan’s own wife treated his illness as a burden and a trouble. He begins to realize how everyone is treating him. All that he wants is pity and there is no one there to give him it besides his servant Gerasim. Ivan shows spots of beginning to realize how he treated life. He treated life with the utmost propriety and tried his very best not to let his emotions get in the way of how he acted and performed his duty. This shows when Ivan says, â€Å"What if my whole life has really been wrong? †(p. 1117) Ivan says this while looking at Gerasim peacefully sleeping at his side, the only one who shows the slightest bit of pity and sorrow for him. Ivan’s wife is falsely concerned in his condition merely because that is the thing for her to be in this situation. She does not really care if he makes it; she is only worried about the inconvenience his suffering is putting her through and the financial bind his death puts her in. Ivan realizes all these things and cannot even bear to speak with her. He thinks to himself, â€Å"Yes, I am making them wretched†¦They are sorry, but it will be better for them when I die. † (p. 1119) All of these things lead up to the conclusion in Ivan’s mind that he is sorry for them. He is trying to act so as not to hurt them. In the final scene someone besides his servant, Gerasim, begins to show pity for him, it is his son. Ivan sees the sorrow and pity in his eyes and apologizes to him for causing this grief. With this story, Leo Tolstoy shows that a man can change. That even if it must be through pain and suffering that everyone is capable of redemption. If a man such as Ivan Ilych who never cared for anyone more than necessary can be redeemed and see the fault in his ways then anyone can. The most selfish man can be changed if people show him pity and feel for him, as he should feel for others. It stirred something inside Ivan when people went out of their way to attempt to comfort him. It made him realize his faults and want to change.

Fifth Section Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fifth Section - Essay Example One-year strategic objectives are to identify a market which most effectively exploited its capabilities, the market for cordless segments, and develop this market. The brand in turn should acquire a distinctive identity. That combination, a system of production which gives the company a particular advantage in its chosen market segment, a world-wide reputation for product quality, and a brand which immediately identifies the aims and aspirations of its customers, will make Able Corporation one of the most profitable manufacturers. Five-year strategic objectives are: (1) to develop innovative products and solution which meet needs of target audience and allow Able Corporation to sustain strong market position; (2) to penetrate new market segments of PEPT; (3) to become a leader in cordless market segment. A ten-year strategic objective include: (1) to transform itself from a medium-ranking company with uncertain future to Europe's leading PEPT producer; (2) to build two plants in Eas tern Asia and (3) to penetrate Asian market; (3) increase market share in 50 % (McDonald, Christopher 2003). Business strategy looks at the relationship between the firm and its competitors, suppliers, and customers in the markets which it has chosen.

Essay three Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Three - Essay Example has made in its different facets, from education to the economy and other important aspects of the nations life, while also detailing the work that remains to be done, under the framework of the Constitution, to advance the socialist agenda (â€Å"Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China†). The first chapter talks about general principles, and establishes the socialist essence of the country, in terms of the common ownership of all power and property, the equality of nationalities, the socialist legal and economic systems, and the explicit allowing of foreigners in economic activities, among others. The first chapter also establishes the basic structure of government, and the division of the country politically into provinces, counties, municipalities and cities. The second chapter discusses the rights and duties of the citizens of the Peoples Republic of China, and the listed freedoms include freedom of speech and religion. Rights include home privacy rights, the right to work and to rest, the and the right to education. This chapter also states gender equality in human rights. Chapter 3, meanwhile, details the states structure, and this chapter establishes the pecking order in the structure to have the National Peoples Congress at the very top, with the Standing Comm ittee designated as the body give the power to legislate. The chapter outlines the various powers as well as the functions of the National Peoples Congress as well, to include the power of Constitution amendment, and to remove officials from power, including the countrys President and the head of the Supreme Court. The third chapter is the longest chapter in the Chinese Constitution, and also details many other aspects of the countrys government system, including mechanisms for the local government bodies under the power of the National Peoples Committee and operating at the level of the provincial and local level governments. Chapter 4, finally, establishes Beijing as the seat of the countrys

The New Planet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The New Planet - Essay Example As the research highlights  the humanoids seem to be in the advanced stages of their development and are characterized the means of their sustenance. Their modes of production, seems to be guided by the materialism and they seem to consciously promote material activities that would help to overcome the emerging new requirements of the increasing population.  This paper discusses that the most important feature that characterizes humanoids is their specific identity within a well defined societal framework. Although primary social identity of a male humanoid is gender specific and is followed by a distinct name by which he is addressed in the world, he is often bestowed with multiple social identities, some of which may acquire more forceful and intimidating perspective under certain given circumstances. The social identity seems to provide them with a distinct attribute and facilitates establishment of social status that physically represents him. Social identity of humanoids are not only vital representation of his self but it is also medium that significantly contributes to a knowledge base that others can instantly access to have a general idea of their orientation towards conflicts and other relevant issues.  The humanoids have also a well defined division of labor that is dependent on the predefined constraints of the material conditions that determine the productions.  Marx’s report has been most emphatic on the visible ‘culture’.

Critical review of article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical review of article - Essay Example This type of stereotyping has had adverse affect on men’s healthcare and alienated men from healthcare. He stresses the need for new healthcare and policies for men that are without any biases and tailored to need their particular requirements be they children, young men or grandfathers. Published by Earthscan in 2005, London J.J Macdonald’s book â€Å"Environments for Health† contains many arguments on the affect of social environments on health and in â€Å"A salutogenic approach to men’s health† (Ch. 6) he focuses on men’s healthcare. For Macdonald salutogenic health includes psychological and environmental factors, encompassing an interest in the lives of people: their physical, emotional, fiscal and cultural environment. Macdonald believes that any public health approach should address the needs for prevention of disease and access to health care of all categories including children, women, elderly people or men. He feels men’s health is a neglected field. He concentrates on the issue of men’s healthcare and the biases surrounding it. It is rather that in any population health approach one should adopt an overall systems look at the needs for prevention and access to care of different groups in their own right, whether children, women, older people or men. An objective view of the health needs and status of any population will lead to the inclusion of men’s health issues as a matter of course. He concentrates on the social position of men vis-à  -vis their health, how factors like stress, status, poverty, violence and gender bias negatively affect provision of necessary healthcare. (Macdonald, 2005) The first thing Macdonald notes is that men’s healthcare is focused on disease rather than men in general and that men are perceived to â€Å"behave badly† i.e. the general stereotyping of men is that they are violent, abusive and neglectful of their bodies and health.. So heart

Intimate Partner Violence Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Intimate Partner Violence - Thesis Example Intimate partner violence has become one of the major issues causing women to develop significant unfavorable effects observed with the physical, mental, emotional, and psychological well-being of these women. For health workers who are often called to manage the health of these abused partners, knowledge and skills are very much needed in order to assist these abused partners. According to the Centers for Disease Control, intimate partner violence (IPV) is violence which usually â€Å"occurs between two people in a close relationship†. Intimate partner in this case includes current and former spouses as well as dating partners. This type of violence is observed as a single and as continuing episodes of violence. It also covers different types of behavior including physical violence, sexual violence, threats, and emotional abuse. Physical violence occurs when one partner hurts or tries to hurt his or her partner by hitting, kicking, slapping, or inflicting other types of physical injuries on the partner. Threats include physical or sexual violence with the use of words, weapons, gestures or other tools of communication. Finally, emotional abuse involves threatening a partner or his or her possessions or loved ones or harming them and their self-worth. Examples may include stalking, intimidation, or preventing one from contacting or seeing his or her family and/or friends. This violence may later escalate to physical or sexual assaults, sometimes with growing frequency and severity.

Cardiac Disease among African American Male, Age 30 to 50 Essay

Cardiac Disease among African American Male, Age 30 to 50 - Essay Example The objective of the paper is to identify and diagnosis the problem in respect of cardiac disease among the African American males between the ages of 30 to 50. The identification is done by developing a health promotion plan within the target group. The Department of Health and Human Services in the U.S. has greatly influenced the objective to prevent the heart disease and to promote awareness among the people. The literature review done in the paper would enable depicting the reason behind a high rate of cardiac disease among the African American males and females having the highest percentage of mortality rate than the other gender and race. It also depicts the current nursing interventions and the successful and unsuccessful interventions of the heart disease. A short-term objective has been shown to determine the process of conducting awareness and identifying the causes of heart disease that will provide knowledge and promote the awareness among the public about the heart disea se. Part I: Nursing Process: Community Diagnosis Literature Review Healthy People: 2020 ‘Healthy People’ is a designed structure that promotes awareness among the people of the United States regarding health and avoidance of disease with a set of goals, as well as objectives with a 10-year target. The goals of ‘Healthy People’ are to prevent repeated heart attacks and to improve the health of the people through awareness, detection and treatment. Cardiac disease is a major factor leading to death among the people in the U.S. African American males of the ages of 30-50 years are the main victims of cardiac disease. ‘Healthy People’ is a program of the Department of Health and Human Services of the U.S. that provides an idea of science-based objectives to measure and to keep track of the health issues in a particular population. ‘Healthy People’ serves as the institution for activities, such as prevention, as well as wellness among t he people in different sectors of National Government. It is also used as a model to measure health of people at state, as well as at local levels (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). Goals of Healthy People: 2020 ‘Healthy People’ program has certain specific comprehensive goals, such as aiming high quality lives for people that is prevented from disease, injury, as well as untimely death.  

Write a case study on a small group, community, or organization

Write a on a small group, community, or organization - Case Study Example The paper is a comprehensive explanation of the mode of interaction between the American Indians and the rest of Americans. The American Indians are the indigenous inhabitants in the United States of America. They are distinct from the rest of the Americans because they preserve their traditions and are not easily influenced by the modern technology. California in 2000 had the largest population of American Indians. The census report of that year indicated that there were 628,000 American Indians in total. The American Indians are composed of numerous distinct tribes and ethnic groups whose migration happened over thousands of years ago. It involved different groups which are usually referred to as Native Americans or the American Indian. These people crossed over from Asia through a frozen land bridge to the modern day Russia which was by then still part of northern America. They later migrated to Alaska as the ice began to decline thus making them move even further to the southern part. These migrants eventually settled in the modern days United States. Due to their conservative nature, American Indians are regarded as uncivilized by majority of the rest of Americans. But they value their practices since they attach them to identity and unity symbols. Just like all the other communities, they adhere to various social concepts and theories. This is because they have to interact with the rest of the Americans thus making them venerable to internal and external influences. The social concepts and theories apply in various levels and aspects of the American Indians’ lives just like in other social units. Amongst the theories affecting American Indians is the conflict theory. The theory argues that in any society, people do not coexist in pursuit of equilibrium where everybody receives an equal share of resources. It further states that people live competitively with everyone trying to outdo the other with the weakest

Pathophysiology of Why at High Risk of Infection Research Paper

Pathophysiology of Why at High Risk of Infection - Research Paper Example of concurrent or previous treatments like radiation and/or steroids are both variables that can raise the probability of contracting an infection and may exacerbate any that come to exist. Additionally, the patient has an increased risk of infection due to having diabetes, and even the anxiety he experiences about the procedure can negatively impact the body. All of the factors described above can contribute to the compromising of the immune system and the subsequent colonization of infectious organisms. Post-operative influences are also important in the assessment of Mr. Baker’s risk for contracting an infection. Though incompetence is far from a certainty, the inexperience of the patient’s assigned nurse may increase the risk of infection. Perhaps more obvious is the threat of infection arising from the use of several invasive instruments during the post-operative care period. IVs, PCA punts, nasogastric tubes, and nasal cannulas are all valuable tools but they can also provide both entry points for infections as well as locations for microorganisms to amass. Direct entry is provided in every IV and PCA situation because puncturing the skin is necessary in both cases. In contrast, nasogastric tubes and cannulas are ideally meant to be implemented without tissue penetration, but scratches and cuts are practically unavoidable, especially in an

Elementary Math Methods Essay Example for Free

Elementary Math Methods Essay The aim of this practice is to help students understand place value concepts such as ones, tens, hundreds and grouping. In the activity, students are encouraged to record school days using straws. They add up the straws every day until they total to ten so as to transfer the bundle to a tens pocket. Depending on the grade level, they can go further to group the tens bundles to make a pocket of one hundred straws. In addition, students are told to note down the right integers to represent the number of bundles and number of single straws (Kawas, 2010a). Place Value Race http://www. theteachersguide. com/Mathactivities3. html This practice engages students in some sort of competition aimed at assisting them understand place value of integers (0-9) according to their position in a number. The students are grouped into two and each group given a set of red, yellow, blue and orange colored cards. The students are then instructed to select a color to stand for each place value (e. g. yellow for ones, red for tens, blue for hundreds etc) (Math Activities III, n. d. ). The instructor then says a number (let say 3456) and the groups compete to create the number using the cards. The first group to create the number is awarded some points and the game continues until all students have participated effectively. Number Line-Up http://www. mathwire. com/numbersense/morepv. html The aim of this place value activity is to help students to develop and master place value concepts of numbers. Some students are given demo cards and instructed to go in front while the rest remain on their desks with integer cards (Kawas, 2010b). The teacher says a number and instructs students at front to line up in such a manner to create the number while those at the desks are required to organize the cards to create the same number. After creating the number, students are asked to say the integer at the tens or hundreds, or thousands position. To encourage creativity among the students, the teacher can randomly choose a student to give out directions for creating the numbers to the other students. Conclusion School Day Count Routine practice helps students understand place value concepts such as ones, hundreds and grouping. On the other hand, the other two activities are aimed at encouraging students to master place value ideas such as tens, hundreds and ones etc. References Kawas, T. (2010a). Place value activities: School day count routine. Mathwire. com. August 9, 2010. http://www. mathwire. com/numbersense/placevalue. html Kawas, T. (2010b). More place value activities: Number line-up. Mathwire. com. August 9, 2010. http://www. mathwire. com/numbersense/morepv. html Place value race. (n. d. ). Math Activities III. August 9, 2010. http://www. theteachersguide. com/Mathactivities3. html

Is transformational leadership effective in schools

Is transformational leadership effective in schools The leadership behaviour of school principals is an important aspect of student performance and the general functioning of the school as a whole. The importance of high quality, effective leadership has been shown to be one of the major contributing factors leading to high performance in schools (Reynolds, 1991; Hallinger and Heck, 1999; Sammons et al, 1995). Several research studies have shown Effective leadership not only improves educational outcomes; it also ensures that disciplinary problems among students are addressed effectively. Two major leadership styles that have been predominantly used are transactional and transformational styles of leadership. While the former is predominantly an instructional style of leadership while a transformational approach tends to be more team based. In applying different models of leaders and various approaches to leadership, there has been a general consensus that school leadership differs from organizational leadership, hence a team based ap proach may be more suitable. School leadership essentially needs to combine leadership and management capabilities. Everard and Morris (1990) have laid out five stages of management, wherein setting goals, planning and organizing resources for the achievement of goals and implementing control and corrective procedures are important in achieving the desired objectives. In the context of transformational leadership styles, Bolman and Deal (1997) are of the view that Poorly managed organizations with strong, charismatic leaders may soar temporarily only to crash shortly thereafter. (Bolman and Deal, 1997: xiii-xiv). In the international context, cultural implications may also need to be taken into consideration in determining what kind of leadership style would be relevant. On the basis of the above, the research question examined in this study is whether a transformational leadership style is really effective in schools? Definitions of school leadership: Outstanding leadership has invariably emerged as a key characteristic of outstanding schools (Beare, Caldwell and Millikan, 1989:99). The concept of leadership itself however, is not easy to define. There is no correct definition (Cuban, 1988:190), but some of its constituent elements include the process of influence(Leithwood et al, 1999:6; Ogawa and Bossert, 1995:225-6), mostly a social influence (Yuki, 2002:3) that may be exercised by individuals or by teams (Harris, 2002; Leithwood, 2001). The school as an organization is somewhat different from other organizations. As Mitchell and Tucker (1992) have pointed out, leadership has generally been viewed as the ability to take charge and ensure that the required objectives are met, which presents the quality of leadership as being somewhat aggressive. In the school environment however, such a view of leadership might not be entirely appropriate, because aggressive or instructional leadership would tend to ignore the benefits of teamwork or transformational leadership. With a school environment, leadership would be more about leaders extending invitations to the individuals and groups with whom they interact, in order to build a shared and evolving vision of enhanced educational experiences for pupils. (Stoll and Fink, 1996: 109). Leadership theories and models: Within an educational context, existing leadership practices for school leaders prior to the 1950s were focused upon the lessons to be learnt from the prior experiences of school administrators and their insights into effective practice methods on the basis of their personal experiences. (Heck and Hallinger, 2005). This approach was however inadequate and attention shifted to the need to apply scientific principles based on empiricism rather than on the basis of ideals or personal beliefs and experiences. A transactional leadership style involves leaders who exchange tangible rewards for the work and the loyalty of their followers, thereby adopting a purely practical approach. Transformational leaders on the other hand, are able to motivate and inspire their followers and raise their consciousness about the desired objectives and outcomes, and how they could be achieved (Gellis, 2001; Judge and Piccolo, 2004). A later approach however, suggested that these two styles of leadership were not necessarily mutually exclusive; rather most good leaders appear to demonstrate some traits of both styles of leadership (Judge and Piccolo, 2004:755). A transformational leadership style relies largely upon the personality of the leader and his or her capacity to inspire and motivate followers. As Everard and Morris (1985) have pointed out within the school context however, an important task in an educational institution is the reconciliation of value systems of different people in such a manner that a clear statement of aims and beliefs is derived, to which a majority of the stakeholders can subscribe. (Everard and Morris, 1985:142). This must also be coupled with a clear, educationally focused vision, which articulates a realistic, credible, attractive future for the organization (Deal and Peterson, 1994). While the input, vision and ideals of the principal are important, the school context requires bringing together the ideas and commitments of a variety of people who have a stake in the success of the school. (Tom Sergiovanni, 1987). As Beare, Caldwell and Millikan (1989) have stated, outstanding leaders are those who have a vi sion for their school, but they also share this mental picture with everyone in the school community. The vision of the principal is vital because it serves as a pointer to the direction in which the school should go; however, if this vision is the principals alone and is not shared by the other members of the organization, then staff and students may tend to merely go through the motions rather than actually supporting the vision and being deeply committed to it. As Hopkins has pointed out, effective school leadership must embrace both the distinctive aspects of the school which set it apart, as well as the inclusive context of the school, which fosters unity of purpose. He points out that there are two aspects to leadership the first is the policy that one size fits all while on the other hand, is the claim that because each institution is unique and different, it cannot learn from the experiences of another institution. This principle may be fallacious and school leadership may need to adopt a policy of adapt practices that have been proven to be effective elsewhere and incorporate it within the specific context of their own schools. On this basis, he has suggested policy that school leadership must include both the distinctive and inclusive context of the school. This implies that (a) the context of the school must be embraced in its entirety before any practices proven elsewhere can be incorporated and (b) the particular mix of skills re quired in school leadership will differ from one context to the other. The contingency model of leadership specifically stipulates that in terms of its contextual variables, each school is unique. Although the homogeneity associated with globalisation tend to produce an assumption that a uniform leadership style may successfully be applied to all schools, this perception may not be strictly correct. Rather, as Dimmock and Walker have suggested, policies and practices should not be imported without due consideration of cultural and contextual appropriateness (Dimmock and Walker, 2000:144). Furthermore, Dimmer and Walker (2005) point out that globalization has produced phenomena such as distance education, which has produced an ethnocentric view of educational leadership issues, centred upon issues that are relevant in the US and the UK. But with the globalization of education, indicated that there may be a need to develop a cross cultural, international perspective of educational leadership and management. Another model proposed for educational leadership is the Leadership for Learning model, which is based upon a set of well defined principles that can be used to guide schools, their leaders and school districts in achieving high performance standards and sustaining learning (www.cebe.us) The basic principles associated with this model are as follows: (a) a focus on learning, i.e., learning is personalized and occurs in multiple contexts (b) creates setting to promote learning, i.e., providing multiple opportunities for learning and reflections on its nature (c) shares leadership, i.e., invites participation in leadership (d) promotes explicit conversations about leadership and learning, i.e., strengthening the relationship between the two and (e) incorporates mutual accountability, i.e., involving all stakeholders in making judgments about practice and outcomes. The transformational approach applied in schools: Barnett et al (2001) carried out a study in several state secondary schools in Wales, in which they investigated the relationship that existed between the transactional versus the transformational styles of leadership of the principals, taking into account the school outcomes as well as the school learning culture. The findings in this study suggested that contrary to what was expected, teacher outcomes such as satisfaction, extra effort and the perception of leader effectiveness were not positive where transformational leadership style were concerned. Rather, transformational leadership behaviour on the part of the principal, in terms of his or her vision and inspiration produced a significant negative association, both with teacher outcomes as well as with student learning culture. A transformational leadership style was however found to be quite effective in bringing about changed practices in teachers in a Dutch study which investigated the impact of this leadership style in the context of innovation programs. (Geijsel et al, 1999) This study showed that there were three significant dimensions to a transformational leadership style in school leadership, i.e., vision, individual consideration and intellectual stimulation. These three aspects were analyzed in relation to how they influenced teacher concerns, teachers learning activities and teachers changed practices. The results showed that a transformational leadership style in school principals appeared to be quite effective in fostering innovative practices and bringing about changes in teacher practices. The direct effect of a transformational leadership style of principals on school staff turnover and school performance was examined in a study carried out by Griffin (2004). The data relied upon for deriving the findings in this study were (a) survey data from elementary school students and teachers and (b) student achievement test scores, derived from the student archives. This study did not demonstrate a direct positive or negative impact of transformational leadership on either student achievement scores or on the turnover of school staff. Principal transformational leadership showed a positive indirect impact on the job satisfaction of staff members and student achievement scores, which it had an indirect negative impact on staff turnover in terms of reducing the levels of staff turnover and thereby indicating that staff turnover had actually reduced as a result of the principals leadership style. Since the principals transformational style also produced a smaller gap between the achievements of minority and non minority students, this further contributed to high job satisfaction levels. A new leadership paradigm: The skills of leadership are even more important in a changing world. As Dilts (no date) points out, most of the existing literature on leadership focuses upon the characteristics of good leaders, but such characteristics are too vague and general to be of much use. Examining effective leadership styles within the business context may also be ineffective in a school environment, because the organization is geared towards profit making, while schools are geared towards imparting a strong educational foundation for students that does not merely include academic achievement. According to Dilts, effective leadership covers a variety of skills, including self skills, relational skills, strategic and systemic thinking skills and involves a mastery of various elements such as self, relationship, communication and problem space. On this basis, Dilts states that effective leadership in schools needs to address all of three different levels (a) micro leadership, i.e., issues at the levels of environment, behaviour and capability (b) macro leadership, or issues at the level of beliefs, values and role identity and (c) meta leadership or the levels of spirit and identity. Similarly, Dimmer and Walker (2005) have pointed out the need to incorporate cultural elements into the study of school leadership, especially in the context of globalization. They have put forward five propositions to map the direction of future cross cultural research into educational leadership and management. The essence of these propositions is that there is a need to develop a systematic, robust, comparative branch of educational leadership and management (Dimmer and Walker, 2005:198). The concept of culture must be clearly defined in order to avoid an over-simplified portrayal of societal differences as Western/Asian. Moreover, it could be difficult to successfully apply transformational leadership styles across different cultures, while a transactional approach that is based upon a simple system of incentives and rewards for the production of certain specific educational outcomes that are measured through tests, is much easier to apply. Bush has outlined different kinds of preparatory programs that principals are expected to take up. Daresh and Male (2000) carried out a comparative study of first year principals in Britain and the United States and point out that a significant culture shock is associated with moving into being the head of an institutional institution. Nothing could prepare the respondents.. For the change of perceptions of others or for the intensity of the job. (Daresh and Male, 2000:95). The major differences between leadership programs for principals in different countries is that some of them require a formal qualification for the position, while in others, this qualification is not mandatory and extensive teaching experience is used as the criterion for appointment. Conclusions: The research question that has been posed in this study is whether a transformational educational leadership style is really effective in educational leadership. In order to assess the efficacy of transformational leadership in education, the literature review above has also shown the need to incorporate cultural perspectives and the level of formal training principals receive. This aspect is especially relevant because not all administrators are able to inspire staff and students or fully understand their concerns. An approach to leadership that is derived purely on the basis of past experiences may also not be effective in the present day content. The transactional style of leadership may be effective in terms of applying measurable incentives in achieving the desired outcomes. Theoretically, a transformational approach should be more effective in providing a more successful educational leadership, but as shown above, in actual practice this might not necessarily be the case. The v ision and direction of the transformational approach must necessarily be participative if it is to be truly effective. If the vision for the school is purely the principals, then it is not likely to be successful in securing the commitment of the staff and students and may actually produce negative outcomes, especially when it fails to incorporate the cultural perspective. The Leadership for learning model appears to be the most relevant in the school context and it does incorporate a transformational approach in that it focuses on the context of learning; however most importantly, it also provides for a shared leadership. This indicates that the schools would need to develop a common vision and goals based upon the active participation of the principal, teachers and the students. This is the important aspect of transformational leadership which must be introduced if it is to be successful, i.e., the participative element. It could be successful in bringing about necessary changes in both students and teachers and also achieving the desired grades and educational outcomes, if the processes and procedures which are developed are based upon a common vision and common goals which the principal develops in association and with the active participation of all members of a school community, This would ensure commitment from everyone towards achieving those g oals.

Creative Accounting

Creative Accounting Creative Accounting Introduction There exist no single definition for the term creative accounting. A few creators contend that, creative accounting is a gathering of methods, choices and opportunity room left by accounting regulation, without moving far from laws or accounting necessities, permitting to the directors to change the fiscal result or the monetary explanations (Gillet, cited by Shabou and Boulika Taktak, 2002). An alternate meaning of the term creative accounting is as takes after, a get together of methodology keeping in mind the end goal to change the benefit, by expanding or diminishing, or to distort the budgetary explanations, or both of them (Stolowy 200). A last meaning of the term is, the change of budgetary accounting figures from what they really are to what plans seek by exploiting the current tenets and/or disregarding some or every one of them (Kamel Nasser 1993). The general thought behind this idea is that monetary data is manipulated to speak to a money related position and execution, that does not reflect its actual position and execution. Supervisors wont have the capacity to manipulate their accounting figures if accounting tenets wont permit them to do so. In the US, the money related data is ready utilizing the Proper accounting rules (GAAP), which is made by the Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB). Be that as it may, these guidelines are not sufficient as regardless they permit adaptability in accounting. There exist no standard recipe for changing over numbers into money streams. Creative Accounting and corporate governance- both are dealt with in the writing broadly and the contrast utilized respects the view of each. While the first idea is dealt with and acknowledged as having a general importance, the last is thought to be dubious regarding implications and acknowledgement. In this respect its applied delimitation is thought to be vital in the presentation of this study since the implications ascribed reflect additionally our perspectives. The idea creative accounting acclimatizes different definitions in the writing and it is inspected under two vital perspectives: a positive one and a negative one. From a positive perspective, it may appear that creative accounting hints creation of accounting standards and methods to perceive changes in financial, social, and political furthermore business situations and perceives bona fide changes in accounting practice. From a negative perspective, creative accounting means undesirable practices which acclimatizes di shonest components for pulling in suppliers of the capital by displaying a deluding and misleading state of a certain firm`s undertakings. A large portion of the theoretical delimitation in regards to creative accounting is identified with those two perspectives and the general pattern distinguished in the writing backings the negative perspective. The act of creative accounting has the ability to misshape the underlying money related execution of a firm, making more troublesome for a speculator or monetary investigator to evaluate the execution of the firm and to look at between changed organizations. Therefore creative accounting as a beguiling practice clashes with the essential point of accounting regulation changing the activity of standard setting in a repetitive peculiarity on one hand and then again giving an unreasonable playing point to organizations that can effectively polish this beguiling activity. The sentiments with respect to creative accounting practice, as an inst rument of deluding are different and the definitions various. The extent of our study was not to recreate this definitions (regardless of the possibility that this demarche could be helpful for a finer comprehend of the recent point) however more to build an inner history of the significant writing that approached this theme. In with respect to we consider more applicable to approach the making of a system of center terms for the writing being referred to and to distinguish the essential and optional center terms used to portray this subject into the worldwide significant examination group. In this admiration we utilized Papineau`s (1976) idea of sliding request of center terms to demarche those terms that are integral to all analysts with the extent of an intensive understanding of the improvement of a specific writing. Since the extent of the article is not to create the epistemology of this develop and in addition the relationship with the corporate governance build, we discussed just four separate feelings in regards to the creative accounting importance under the aegis of Papineau`s (1976) pecking order of center terms as taking after: As with respect to Metcalf (1977:188) approaching we recognized as essential center term in clarifying creative accounting the accounting techniques that allow companies to report budgetary comes about that may not correctly depict of business exercises. As auxiliary center terms we can further create focused around its presumptions the subjective and target way in which the accounting methods are utilized; From Naser (1993:2) we can distinguish as essential center terms for clarifying creative accounting the accounting figures. In this admiration the preparers inspirations are critical since their longing is to exploit the current leads with a specific end goal to succeed to fulfill their specific objectives; Citron (1995) perspective give other essential center term as accounting rules and further as auxiliary center terms the certain yearning of preparers to stretch the standards and mislead the peruser of monetary articulations; Amat and Gowthorpe (2004) assessment in regards to creative accounting give an intriguing sight since it gives two sorts of essential center terms as ambiguities and discontinuities of the law. The auxiliary center terms embody the ramifications of the first together with the craving of deceive as opposed to help the planned utilized. As we would like to think creative accounting could be characterized as a mean being utilized by the organizations within request to adjust, create and get to be more aggressive in the turbulent situations in which they work, adjustment that requires exceedingly versatile experts equipped to produce creative plans regardless of the possibility that these utilize translating hazy areas further bolstering their good fortune being less judicious just about constantly; look for provisos in particular tenets being not as reliable as ought to be or create gadgets which controllers have not thought. Hypothetical system for managing our exploration address as far as interfacing the two ideas We consider the definition explained by Shleifer and Vishny (1997) as illustrative since we can recognize the foundations of creative accounting conduct as the accompanying affirms the potential presence of wrong lead of administration: Corporate governance incorporates all the procurements and instruments that ensure the benefits of the firm are overseen proficiently and in light of a legitimate concern for the suppliers of fund, moderating the improper seizure of assets by administrators or another gathering to the firm. Chiefs at times deceive shareholders with respect to the underlying financial execution of a certain organization or may impact contractual results that rely on reported accounting figures (Healy, 1985; Perry and Williams, 1994; Defond and Jiambalvo, 1994). By utilizing judgments within fiscal reporting and through organizing transactions they may modify money related reports and as a result, this way may prompt a set of monetary articulations that dont give a genu ine and reasonable perspective of the financial exercises of an organization. Managerial carefulness in the application of accounting strategies used to report firm execution is not thought to be manipulative until this specific circumspection is utilized with the expectation to control reported results. This is connected likewise to the way that supervisors may concentrate on fleeting individual motivators, for example, expanding compensations, rewards, and other transient remunerations, as opposed to concentrate on the long- term financial accomplishment of the firm. Each one of those questions show up where a detachment of the proprietorship from the control of an organization exists and in this admiration the clash that emerges is portrayed by the Agency hypothesis. In the setting of Agency Theory the firm is thought to be a legitimate fiction that serves as a center for complex process that is portrayed by conflictual peculiarities of the targets of people (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). The clashes are identified with imparting the monetary assets and the absence of certainty, these clashes between the shareholders and directors being considered in the writing to be the foundation of creative accounting. Most considered led in the writing are focused so far on the relationship between shareholders-administration collaboration that includes the seriously wrangled about clash of diversions as the schemas created by Demski (1994), and further Christensen and Feltham (2005) clarified. The points corporate governance and creative accounting practices are examined in the writing in the connection of inside interest for manipulative conduct which radiates from the contracting estimation of profit administration in the principal–agent connections in the middle of shareholders and chiefs (Dye, 1988). This specific clashes of investment innate in org connections, in some cases are restricted having the way that shareholders disregarded and acknowledge purposeful controls of records getting to be thusly unwitting assistants to manipulation (Gowthorpe and Amat, 2005) as they are tolerating the way that piece of control of records focal point them. The criticalness of corporate governance ponders in the range of creative accounting displayed under all its types of indication is identified with the general pattern exhibited in the writing that poor governance affect or maintain a manipulative conduct. Likewise talks are respected the way that poor governance brings a bout expanded recompense bundles that incite Ceos to act in a manipulative way. Then again, late studies led in the writing approached the issue of poor corporate governance fundamentally with the extent of finding the gimmicks that help this state and archived that the causality of this demarche is spoken to by the income administration and further stretched out to records control. In this admiration, further experimental studies are required to recognize unquestionably the relationship between records control and corporate governance and survey the criticalness of one another and the way that they strengthen one another. The subject of data asymmetry is additionally talked about since no approaching with respect to corporate governance in the range of creative accounting discards it and since the hypothesis in regards to data asymmetry can possibly clarify the various impetuses found on the monetary business sector to control accounting information and further to evaluate the result of such conduct. The work of Vickrey (1945); Akerlof (1970, 1976); Mirrlees (1971); Spence (1973); Rothschild and Stiglitz (1976) is analyzed since they created the spearheading studies in regards to asymmetry of data. By understanding their work we can have a completely understanding of the businesses conduct with results upon our zone of exploration since data asymmetry is viewed as an additionally as a genesis point for manipulative conduct. The general perspective regarding the matter of clarify data asymmetry is that one side of the business has better data that the other. In the connection of corporate governance th e CFO and the leading group of the organization knows more than the shareholders and different clients of accounting data about the productivity of the organization. Five hypotheses have given the hypothetical underpinning to research artful conduct in the zone of corporate governance. Organization hypothesis; authenticity hypothesis; institutional hypothesis; indicating hypothesis and stakeholder hypothesis portray distinctive purpose of perspectives in relationship with managerial speculator performance. 1 | Page

Matewan: A 20th-century Form of Feudalism :: Economy Capitalism Freedom Essays

Matewan: A 20th-century Form of Feudalism Matewan, in which the action takes place in the 1920s in West Virginia, gives a clear and realistic picture of the economical situation of the given place and time. This has been a purpose and an idea which the director of the film, John Sales, has paid a particular attention to. The film elucidates a 20th-century conflict between two economical systems: feudalism and capitalism, with feudalism clearly dominating the economical status of the small town of Matewan, in spite of some outer characteristics (such as wages being paid) that imply capitalism. The main feature of capitalism is the free labor market and 'freedom' is the key concept: freedom in choosing an employer; freedom in deciding how and where to work in order to make the most reasonable living. In that sense it is indisputable that capitalism is not the economical process taking place in Matewan. It is very difficult, if not impossible, to live in this small town and not to work for the Stone Mountain Coal Company. It holds monopoly over most of the town, it owns and controls nearly everything: stores, buildings and so on. The miners are being underpaid and overcharged at the same time. Wages have gone down again, workers have to pay monopoly rents; besides, they are getting paid not in dollars but in company scrips that can be used at company stores only. Therefore, the contract the workers have signed with the company, in stead of giving them freedom and rights, puts restrictions on them and their way of life: they do not have the freedom to join in a union; they are not free to choose their employer, either. The working and the living conditions are beyond any criticism and are very far from what is needed in order to lead a normal life. However, this seems to be the only way for people there to make any living at all. The alternative is fleeing away in the mountains with no home and no money whatsoever, which is really not acceptable and can hardly even be considered as an 'alternative' therefore. In that sense, the geographical setting (i.e. the isolation of this small town) indirectly encourages the development of feudal relations in Matewan. The company leaves its workers with no choice and no freedom - a defining characteristic of feudalism, and that reinforces the feudal nature of the economical relations in Matewan.

Shakespeares Macbeth - The Tragic Hero Essay -- Macbeth essays

Macbeth - The Tragic Hero      Ã‚  Ã‚   Every true Elizabethan Tragedy comes complete with a tragic hero.   The tragedy Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, has a perfect example of a tragic hero, otherwise known as Macbeth.   A tragic hero must be a man who is great and admirable in various ways.   He should be placed in society in such a way that everything he does affects all of the members of his society.   A tragic hero should at some point reach the top of Fortune’s Wheel, but land up at the bottom by the end of the tragedy due to the continual change of fate.   Macbeth fits the description of being a tragic hero, displaying his strengths, his weaknesses, his tragic flaw, and how influential outside influences are on him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth definitely has a number of strengths that are prevalent throughout the entire play.   At the beginning of the play, Macbeth seems quite noble.   He fights in the battle against Norway, proving his honor (Lowe).   Ambition is another one of these strengths.   Macbeth is so determined that it enables him to become King of Scotland (Lowe).   It facilitates him to be strong, to overcome his hindrances, and to attain goals (Lowe).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Weaknesses are another characteristic of a tragic hero, and Macbeth displays these quite evidently.   Although ambition was one of the aforementioned strengths obtained by Macbeth, it is a weakness of his, as well   (â€Å"Macbeth – Tragic Hero†).   In fact, it is such a substantial weakness that it constitutes as Macbeth’s tragic flaw.   Being so motivated can cause someone to do horrible things to get their way, as one can see by noting that â€Å"ruthless† is a synonym of â€Å"ambitious.†Ã‚   Through the course of the play, Macbeth kills several people in order... ...gic Hero†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many traits that make up a tragic hero, and Macbeth displays each of these.   Macbeth definitely completes a cycle in Fortune’s Wheel, starting off as a highly venerable man at the play’s beginning and being the exact opposite by the end.   His actions affect everyone in his society.   He displays strengths, weaknesses, a tragic flaw, and the fact that he is vulnerable to outside persuasions, thus making him a perfect example of a tragic hero. Works Cited Lowe, Lawrence.   â€Å"Macbeth’s Tragic Flaw.†Ã‚   http://server44.hypermart.net/homeworkdatabase/essays/essay11lit.html (10 January 2005). â€Å"Macbeth – Tragic Hero.†Ã‚   http://www.digitalessays.com/essays/eng_plays/eng_plays_0013.html (10 January 2005). Shakespeare, William.   Macbeth.   Ed Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar.   New York:   Washington Square Press, 1959.

Alternative Energy In The Country Of Qatar Engineering Essay

The attempt made in this paper is to concentrate wholly on the beginnings of alternate renewable energy in topographic point of the typical coal for residential and commercial markets. The execution of the renewable energies are known to offer decrease of the blow of planetary heating ; decrease in the green house gas emanations that are caused by coal ; and besides creates positive competition in the markets for reduced energy costs. This is needed and required in Qatar. This undertaking will besides analyze and research more on the current prevalent use of the alternate energy with particular involvement on Qatar. This is with peculiar research on Qatar Science Technology Park ( QSTP ) . This is because the subject on alternate energy has a promise of the hereafter engineering and it indicates growing in the technology section. Chapter one: Introduction Qatar is among the fastest turning economic system worldwide and is puting to a great extent in the energy sector of the state. Qatar largely depends on its natural gas as a beginning of energy. The domestic energy use in the twelvemonth 2009 was expected to be 17m t/y of oil equivalent which is an addition from the estimated 15.3m t/yoe in the twelvemonth 2007 in the twelvemonth 1993 it was estimated to be 13m t/yoe. There are six Arab GCC ( Gulf Co-operation Council ) states which all faced deficits of power and shortages in their budget in 2009 except for Qatar. These states have great militias although they do non bring forth equal gas to run into up their rise demands for electricity. On the contrary, Qatar is expected to hold really minimum budget shortage, due to the excess from the old old ages. This is the excess it has from export to the other GCC provinces. The energy base of Qatar is really limited. The oil ingestion of Qatar was about 62,000 b/d in 2009 which was an addition from the oil ingestion of 2007 which was 50,000 b/d. In the twelvemonth 1985, the oil ingestion was 10,500 b/d, whereas the gasolene accounted for about 50 % . The natural gas is known to account for about 85 % of its industrial and energy ingestion and this does non include the gas that is exported through the grapevine and in NGL and LNG signifiers, which is an addition from zero in 1960 ( Kogan 34 ) . However, this is expected to increase after the enlargement of the industrial sector and besides the completion of the gas development undertakings in the North Field. The gas ingestion of Qatar in 2009 is expected to average 17.6 BCM per twelvemonth when excepting the gas that is allocated for export and besides the gas that is injected into oilfields. This is an addition from the twelvemonth 2007 where this oil ingestion was 14.5 BCM/year. In 2003, it was 11.6 BCM/year whereas in 1970 it was 1.0 BCM/year. The major providers to the Qatar domestic market is known to be ExxonMobil because it provides 744 MCF/d since the twelvemonth 2005 and this comes from the al-Khaleej Gas frequently referred to as AKG-1. The AKG-2 of Exxon was expected to raise the entire end product to 2,000 MCF/d in the 2nd half of last twelvemonth, 2009, for the local market in Qatar. The streams hereby are NGLs such as condensate, C2H6, propane and butane and besides the thin gas ( John 76 ) . Chapter 2: literature reappraisal The gas that comes from the AKG-1 is more frequently used in both the Messai'eed and Ras Laffan industrial metropoliss and this meets the demand for power in Qatar and this in bend helps to supply the feedstock for the GTL ( gas-to-liquids ) works that is located in Ras Laffan which is the largest in the universe. The AKG-2 gas supplies the gross revenues gas in order to run into the domestic demands that are long-run in Qatar and besides the regional gas clients. The AKG has three consumers which include the QP that purchases gas for use in Messai'eed which is so resold to Ras Laffan Power Co. , QPower, and the Oryx GTL. The AKG has built up installations in order to provide the fuel gas to the Laffan Refinery and Ras Laffan Power Co. and to besides manage the LPGs that were recovered in 2008 by the refinery ( Oxford 45 ) . Qatar ‘s domestic market for gas is to be supplied from Barzan gas field which is a undertaking that is under development by ExxonMobil and QP ( Qatar Petroleum ) . However, this undertaking has been delayed for several months and the following mark day of the month for start-up for production is set to be 2014. In an effort to serve the domestic gas market, the QP is embracing a 211-km grapevine with other connected Stationss and besides that the substructure should be ready by mid-2011 in order to transport the estimated 2,000 MCF/d of the sweet thin gas heterosexual from Ras Laffan to assorted clients located in Messai'eed. This peculiar undertaking is referred to as Strategic Gas Pipeline and it will affect the adjustment of a two 36-inch lines and it is the 2nd among the three chief gas undertakings in Qatar. There are besides the undertakings that will affect a 25-km and a140-km of carbon-steel grapevines and besides the puting up of assorted supporter Stationss within the Ras Laffan Industrial City in Qatar. The above mentioned 211-km gasline is expected to run in analogue to the ethylene grapevine of Ras Laffan-Messai'eed. The power sector in Qatar is besides bettering drastically and in September 2009 this sector is expected to hold excess power capacity. The power sector was in dialogues with Kuwait on affairs of selling electricity by manner of GCC grid. Abdullah al-Attiyah is the Minister of Energy and Industry in Qatar and he stated that the biggest job was that the grid of GCC could non be able to take larger than 400-500 MW as transshipment. However there was the $ 2.3billion power works which was built at Messai'eed with a capacity of 2,000 MW was to get down its first production in the month September of 2009 and this would assist in conveying in about 1,000 MW of extra power into Qatar. As a consequence, the bring forthing capacity of Qatar would be raised to about 5,300 MW. Katar is besides holding an on-going building of a $ 3.9billion H2O and power works which will be the largest in the state and will hold an estimated capacity of 2,730 MW when it will be in entire operation in 2011. These new workss will increase the power bring forthing capacity of Qatar to about 9,000 in the twelvemonth 2011. These H2O desalinization and power sector workss are to a great extent dependent on the degrees of natural gas. The entire ingestion is about 400 MCF/d and harmonizing to a statement by QP this would increase to more than 450 MCF/day in this twelvemonth, 2010. The electricity demand in normal conditions was turning by about 7 % per twelvemonth, but this has increased by 17 % since the twelvemonth 2006. The citizens of Qatar history for about 25 % of consumers of the energy and about 40 % of entire ingestion and are go oning to have power and H2O without doing any charges and this is one of the major grounds why the demand for power and H2O are increasing quickly. Doha nevertheless does non mean to do any chief changes that would impact Qataris and this is due to the fact that the issue environing power and H2O duties is politically really sensitive. In respect to this the Qatar authorities has set a specified monthly ceiling for all the family ingestion by the subjects of Qatar under which the clients are charged if their use of power and H2O exceeds the set bounds. The power bring forthing capacity of Qatar in 1995 was 1,500 MW but this has grown enormously. The current capacity is wholly owned by the Qatar Electricity and Water Company based in Kahraba which was created in the twelvemonth 1998 and is 57 percent privately-owned articulation stock corporation. It took over the whole concern of this sector from MEW ( Ministry of Electricity and Water ) which had been grossly inefficient and uneffective. The staying capacity comprises of the power workss that are at the oilfields. By the twelvemonth 2015, the power bring forthing capacity is expected to hold increased to 5,000 MW. In 2000, the MEW was replaced by Qatar General Electricity & A ; Water Corporation ( Kahramaa ) that is state-owned but since so the Kahramaa has sold off its H2O desalinization and power workss to the Kahraba. This is because the Kahramaa were in the procedure of privatising its H2O and power distribution and transmittal systems. The Fichtner of Germany has made much mo re survey on this topic. There is besides the gas-fired venture that was foremost started in 2004 in Qatar at the Ras Laffan Industrial City as an IWPP ( independent H2O and power bring forthing ) venture. The Ras Laffan Power Company ( RLPC ) is known to be a JV of the AES of the GCC ‘s Gulf Investment Corp ( GIC of 10 per centum ) ; QP ( 10 per centum ) ; Kahraba ( 25 per centum ) ; and United States ( 55 per centum ) . The RLPC have a complex deserving $ 720million which was built at Ras Laffan by the Enelpower of Italy and has a capacity of more than 1,500 MW of power and besides 80m gallons of H2O per twenty-four hours. It is estimated that there will be some other two IWPPs by the twelvemonth 2012. In Qatar there is besides a 25-year PWPA ( power and H2O purchase understanding ) which was signed on 1st March of 2005 by the Kahramaa together with a certain group which was awarded the 2nd IWPP in 2004 in September. There is besides the JV house, Q-Power which is led by Kahraba ( 55 per centum ) . There are besides spouses who include the UK ‘s International Power with about 40 per centum and besides the Chubu Electric Power Company of Japan with five per centum. There is besides the IWPP which is situated at Ras Laffan which has a capacity of 60m g/d of H2O and 1,025 MW of power. The initial stage was on watercourse in the twelvemonth 2006 and its full capacity became operational in full in the twelvemonth 2008. This works is really near to the RLPC. The Kahramaa is known to purchase H2O and power from its IWPPs under the 25-year PWPAs. The QP on the other manus is committed to supply the IWPPs with the sea H2O and natural gas under the long-run contracts. There is besides the gas-fired Ras Abu Fontas B composite situated in al-Wusail which has operated since 1997 and comprises of a 33m g/d unit of H2O desalinization and a 625 MW power works. This was built by Asea Brown Boveri under a contract of $ 1.1 billion given in January 1994. The Ras Abu Fontas is connected to the national web of electricity through Doha system of transmittal which was built in the twelvemonth 1997 under a undertaking deserving $ 717milion. This was the 4th phase of a new grid for the full emirate. The system of transmittal was ab initio built by the European pool that was led by the Cegelec of France. The MEW was so wholly abolished in the twelvemonth 2000 whereas the Kahramaa was put up under the official chairmanship of the Energy and Industry Minister Attiyah. The chief undertakings of Kahramaa have been to progress efficiency in the H2O and power systems. The figure of employees has been cut down to 3,000 from 8,000 in these H2O and power systems. This is because Kahramaa is in the procedure of diminishing costs across the full board. This is done in all countries that include the undertaking planning and its execution and besides the IWPP concern. The innovation and startup of the QSTP ( Qatar Science & A ; Technology Park ) made the research vision of the development of Qatar to make a new stage on the 16th twenty-four hours of March 2009. The state is confident that the QSTP will assist in the realisation of the national vision by 2030 partially because it is an of import constituent of the Qatar Foundation for Community Development, Science and Education. Second, because it is a subdivision of human development, an brooder of invention and creativeness, a really safe oasis for all free scientific research, a infinite where ethnicities and civilizations come together, and eventually it is a magnet for planetary and national expertness. The executive president of the QSTP is Dr. Tidu Maini and he confirmed that the park is an of import engine which drives frontward all the applied engineering and research peculiarly in Qatar. The park harmonizing to him is ready to make a contributing environment and besides the ways to spread out the available human capital and besides engender new industries that are technology-based. The park is besides known to be a edifice block of the long term vision of the authorities of making an economic system that is post-carbon. On 18th March 2009, the Qatar Science & A ; Technology Park, the GreenGulf Incorporated and besides the pool spouses agreed to get down a installation of experiment in an effort to analyze the assorted solar-to electricity transition ways. This undertaking was to be patronage by the Chairperson of the Qatar Foundation, her Highness Sheikha Mozah Bint Nasser Al-Missned. In the initial phases of this undertaking, the GreenGulf would run huge tests of solar-thermal and photovoltaic electricity coevals methods. The chief involvement was to be the public presentation of each of the engineerings in the environmental conditions in Qatar of heat, humidness and dust. This peculiar venture was aimed at set uping a 500KW pilot works whereas utilizing the most suited engineering that would provide equal electricity to the Education City. The QSTP is of the position that solar is an accomplishable and a realistic beginning of renewable energy for the full Qatar. The venture by GreenGulf was an of import measure in developing and analyzing the solar engineering and this is why they entered into a partnership with them. They would besides commercialize their consequences through the manner of pilot works and this would assist to speed up the end of Qatar of going an economic system that is post-carbon. Subsequently on in April 2009, the GreenGulf and Chevron Qatar Energy Technology which is a subdivision of Chevron Corporation signed an understanding and a memoranda of understanding for some joint survey of proving the engineerings of solar energy and besides their existent application and execution in Qatar. This research was carried out in Qatar Science & A ; Technology Park. This undertaking was to garner and so measure the information which would be provided by the engineerings that are located at every 35,000 square metre solar trial location at the QSTP. This peculiar undertaking would besides analyze the narration of the assorted solar thermal and photovoltaic engineerings. This undertaking is in support of the scheme by QSTP of assisting the growing of national solar energy industry particularly in Qatar. The solar engineerings differ in their peculiar sensitiveness to heat and dust and besides utilize assorted sums of H2O and land, and these are reflected in comparative costs. The measurings that have been obtained over a figure of old ages under the Qatar clime conditions are expected to help the local contrivers in rating, installing and choice of engineerings that will be best suited to the predominating local conditions. The two companies were to each put $ 10 million to the plan of survey and the trials of engineering are expected to get down in the last one-fourth of 2010 and thenceforth go on for two or four old ages. The Chief executive officer of the GreenGulf Inc stated that solar energy is a possible and indispensable portion of the hereafter energy mix of the part. This will convey energy efficiency and will supply appropriate applications and engineerings and besides demonstrate sustainable solutions in respects to energy. The joint survey will supply a really strong foundation where the cognition will be built and will guarantee that everyone will be updated about the moving industry. The Vice President of the Chevron Qatar Energy Technology, Carl Atallah, indicated that the two parties have appropriate strengths which would be a cardinal to all successful undertakings. The Chevron has proficient expertness whereas the GreenGulf has the entrepreneurial vision and besides the Qatar Foundation has the scientific discipline community. All these first-class resources brought together are good for analyzing the solar energy. Chevron had earlier announced that it would set up its CSEE ( Center for Sustainable Energy Efficiency ) at QSTP in February 2009 which is now under processing. This would back up the end of energy sustainability through preparation, presentation and research of energy efficiency and solar power engineerings in Qatar. The Chevron CSEE will help to place building-efficiency, solar air-conditioning, solar power engineerings which will work the really best in the conditions of the Middle East. This peculiar centre was to be opened in this twelvemonth 2010. There are many members of the Qatar Science Technology Park. There is the AES International Consultants which is a house that provides professional services on the demands of the environment and besides offers solutions and schemes in respect to sustainable environment. Therefore the AES will transport out the applied research and development work which focuses on the anterior development of environmental applications and theoretical accounts peculiarly in Qatar. The AES will offer instruction and preparation in the field of environment and professional consulting services to the private every bit good as the public entities. They will besides back up the activities of the QSTP particularly in respect to energy productions in relation to the environment. There is besides the ExxonMobil which is the largest publically traded planetary gas and Oil Company in the universe and it is besides a leader in the liquified engineering of natural gas. This company established an ExxonMobil Research Qatar which will be charged with the duty of transporting out the research in certain countries of common involvement to ExxonMobil and State of Qatar. These include the environmental direction research and the LNG safety research which will be applicable to most of the taking undertakings in Qatar. The EMRQ ( ExxonMobil Research Qatar ) announced on 11th April 2010 that it will widen support to 218million QR up until 2014 at the QSTP. This would include support for two research plans. One of these is Water Re-use research plan of the EMRQ which would look into the H2O handling engineering and thenceforth concentrate on choice and designation of the indigen works life which could clean H2O of course, the H2O produced from the gas and oil Wellss. The other research that would be funded was Qatar Center for the Coastal Research which would analyze the coastal geology of Qatari to help in bettering the apprehension of all the quality and continuity of the past carbonate reservoir stones that were found in the Middle Eastern gas and oil Fieldss. The President of ExxonMobil Research Qatar and besides the ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company, Stephen Greeenlee, indicated that the investings in QSTP would go on to help the scientific foundation of the attempts of Qatar in an effort to work out the complex environmental and energy challenges. QSTP was ab initio established to further a really strong research civilization which expands the technological and scientific promotion peculiarly in Qatar. The Executive Chairman of QSTP strongly supports the enlargement of EMRQ because it shows increased committedness to geosciences and environmental research peculiarly in Qatar. The attempts of EMRQ are in alliance with the vision of QSTP of constructing a world-class centre of scientific and educational excellence. The research manager of ExxonMobil Research Qatar, Dr. James Rigby, stated that their enterprises of research complement good the National Vision 2030 of Qatar and besides its pillars of Environmental, Human, Economic and Social Development. The EMRQ gave out a research study in respect to environment to the Ministry of Environment sing the coastal H2O quality particularly near the Ras Laffan Industrial City and it besides carried out environmental surveies of sea grass and coral grass of Qatar. Chapter 3: Methodology The research of this paper was really intense and extended so that the paper could be an indispensable research paper. I started by reaching the assorted energy providers to Qatar in order to hold more updated information and statistics. I besides studied and researched more on QSTP in order to larn much more inside informations on energy use and besides alternate energy beginnings. I besides collected relevant informations on air current turbines and solar panel in order to understand the cost, profit ration and besides execution of the rations in the QSTP. The citizens of Qatar propose and hope that solar power will be able to run into the billowing demand of power in Qatar. Qatar as a state is sing the edifice of one of the largest solar power composites in the whole universe in order to run into the lifting demands.the demand is expected to lift quadruple in the following 30 old ages as it was reported by MEED ( Middle East Economic Digest ) . The provinces of the Gulf Arab have about 30 % of the Earth ‘s oil militias and about 8 % of its ain gas, although a roar in the economic system which had been spurred by the record of petroleum monetary values has driven demand for H2O and power so drastically that most of them are preferring to utilize the alternate energies. These include the atomic peculiarly by Qatar as a state. Through this use of alternate energy, Qatar is expected to add more than 16,260 MW of power to their national grid in the old ages between 2011 and 2036, which is about four times the current capacity of 4,200 MW. Hamza besides indicated that, the solar composite will hold a capacity of 3,500 MW by the twelvemonth 2013. They would besides embrace the edifice of a atomic power works which would besides salvage the environment ( John 2008 ) . I have besides referred to local newspapers, media beginnings and besides Television shows. The QSTP is investing deserving $ 800million in the hereafter of the state and besides a statement that is powerful and full of assurance. The QSTP is home to assorted researches in different Fieldss that include energy, ICT, wellness scientific disciplines, environment, fabrication and industries and about all the member organisations have a really strong path record of research that is ground-breaking. The EMRQ is among these and it launched its initial research undertaking in the twelvemonth 2006 through measuring possible formation and besides impact of chilling sea H2O particularly in coastal Waterss peculiarly in Ras Laffan Industrial City. The EMRQ has completed the building and design of a 3-D visual image regular hexahedron that offer a practical world environment for the intents of developing the employees in gas and oil processing and production. The research performed at EMRQ will help in progressing the petroleum-based and LNG engineerings and offers the support for the preparations. The President to the ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company indicated that they needed to be certain that the work that they did was monitored so that it could guarantee all the people that their concerns were run in a well environmental sensitive mode. There are besides a figure of spouse organisations which total to about 21 in figure. These are Chevron, ConocoPhillips, EADS, Fuego, Hydro, iHorizons, Institut de Soudure, MEEZA, Qatar Robotic Surgery Centre, Microsoft, Qatar University Wireless Centre, Total, Shell, SMARD, Transport Research Laboratory, Tata, Virgin Health Bank, Cisco, and General Electric. The GE Advanced Technology and Research Centres are home to two joint ventures among the Qatar Foundation and General Electric in respects to Healthcare Information Technology for Africa and the Middle East. This specializes in the development of health care IT solutions which are adapted to the local demands and besides the Healthcare Technology Research and besides Development. This focuses on enlargement and acceleration of the GE ‘s research and besides development programmes in the molecular imagination and digital x-ray engineering. The high quality of work carried out by the assorted organisations under QSTP is non in any uncertainty. The enlargement and development of the research installations is one exciting stairss towards the hereafter of Qatar. The work of research is of import to the hereafter prosperity and effectivity of the energy industries and besides that of the full economic system. The QSTP provides services and substructure designed to back up the day-to-day concern demands. These are advanced informations and voice substructure ; visitor response and help desk ; meeting suites with the expanded audio-visual systems with countries for exhibitions ; broad offices which are rentable for merely short periods ; entree and security control and full installations direction ; and the papers and secretarial production services. There is besides free zone where the QSTP acts as a free-trade zone which makes it an attractive location for the companies that are technology-based. The benefits in this instance are many which include entire 100 % foreign ownership ; incorporation of a local company or besides operate as a constituent of foreign company ; no revenue enhancements ; trade without any local patron or agent ; engage exile employees ; unrestricted repatriation of net incomes and capital ; and duty-free import of services and goods. There is nevertheless there is besides the benefit of entree to research institutes because the QSTP is located within the locality of the top-ranked planetary universities at the Education City in Doha. They are now set uping research and learning plans of similar criterions as their campuses back at their primary place. There are besides support plans in QSTP. These include the New Enterprise Fund which offers capital for the engineering of start-up companies which is located in QSTP. There is besides the mentoring plan which offers leaders of the start-up companies at the park with one-on-one, intensive counsel from the experient builders of the concerns of engineering. There is besides the Investor Readiness Program located at QSTP which assists the enterprisers to raise the needful capital by giving them the accomplishments needed to fix the winning investing proposals and concern programs. Chapter 4: Findingss and decision The Qatar Foundation entered into the solar energy sector by manner of making joint venture Company which produced solar class polysilicon which is an of import constituent of the solar panels. The Qatar Foundation will hold extra shareholding in QST ( Qatar Solar Technologies ) which is the joint venture with the SolarWorld AG which has been one of the largest solar companies in the full universe. Its central offices are in Bonn, Germany. The ownership interest of Qatar Foundation will be 70 % whereas that of the SolarWorld was to be 29 per centum and the other 1 per centum was left at the custodies of Qatar Development Bank. The QST will widen a new works at the Ras Laffan Industrial City which would function as the really first operational polysilicon works in the full part. This works is expected to bring forth more than 3,500 metric tons per twelvemonth and this has been designed with the approaching enlargement and this would in bend enable addition of production capacity. The first investing in the QST is valued at more than USD $ 500million and it offers employment chances for 100s of people in a wide scope of all Fieldss. The really first investing of the Qatar Foundation in the renewable alternate energy sector supported their strategic aims of diversifying the economic system of Qatar. It besides drives high-technology development and research in Qatar and besides promotes the fiscal sustainability of the Foundation. This is besides the grounds of the positive committedness that the Foundation and besides the State of Qatar have in turn toing the pressing environmental concerns of today by puting afresh in renewable and alternate energy. The procedure equipment and engineering of bring forthing the polysilicon will be provided by the prima German solar company named Centrotherm Photovoltaics. This Company specializes in the proviso of chief services and equipment for the solar industry. This peculiar contract was given instantly after the proclamation of the joint venture. The solar-cell engineering is known to utilize less Si than the other usual multicrystalline Si solar cells and hence reduces costs and hence recommended for the Qatar community which aims at cut downing costs at all excess costs. There are five known solar system engineerings which include inactive solar warming, solar hot H2O, concentrating solar power systems, photovoltaic systems and the solar procedure heat. The concentrating solar power systems The current power workss are known to utilize the dodo fuels in heating H2O to a boiling point. Thereafter the steam from this boiling H2O is known to revolve a large turbine which is known to trip the generator which in bend green goodss adequate electricity and this is likewise to what is used in the portable gas generators. The solar power use is known to take advantage of the natural Sun for a beginning of heat. These concentrating solar power systems are of three types and these are: power tower, parabolic-trough, and dish or engine. All these use their ain methods in order to drive the generators. The parabolic-trough systems frequently concentrate the energy from the Sun through curved ( U-shaped ) , long rectangular mirrors. These mirrors are ever tilted towards the Sun and they focus on sunshine with a heterosexual pipe which is installed at the centre of the full trough. These aid in heating the oil which flows through the installed pipe. The het hot oil is used to boil the H2O which as a consequence drives the generator. The dish/engine system on the other manus utilizes a dish that is mirrored which is similar to a large orbiter dish. The surface which is shaped as a dish dressed ores after roll uping the heat from the Sun onto the coveted receiving system. It so absorbs the heat and so transportations it to some fluid against a turbine or Piston in order to bring forth the coveted electricity. On the other manus there is the power tower system which utilizes a large field of mirrors to concentrate the sunshine onto the topmost portion of an installed tower which holds the receiving system. The heat in bend heats the molten salt that flows through the full receiving system. The heat of the salt is utilized in bring forthing equal electricity through the conventional steam generator. The liquefied salt is known to retain the heat really expeditiously and can even be stored for a figure of yearss before it is wholly converted into useable electricity. The solar energy is stored for the cloudy yearss or besides for minutes after sundown. Passive solar warming This is the engineering type where there are edifices that are designed to take full advantage of the available natural sunshine for the intents of inactive warming and internal light. It uses similar engineering with that of the green house. The south side edifices of course receive most of the sunshine. The edifices that are designed for the inactive solar heating often have really big Windowss confronting the southern way. The walls and floors stuffs are designed to wholly heat up during the twenty-four hours and so really easy dispatch the heat at dark, when the industrial applications or heat contains 100s of arrays that are interconnected in order to organize a unitary, big PV system. There are commercial solar cells that have an efficiency of 15 per centum which means that more than one-sixth of striking sunshine to the cell generates coveted electricity. Array sizes are entirely dependent on assorted factors which include the sunlight sums that are available in a certain location and besides the demands of the client. Faculties of the array consist of the bulk of the PV system. There are besides battalions of electrical connexions, power-conditioning equipment, mounting hardware, and eventually batteries which are able to hive away u the solar energy for use when there is unequal sunshine. Solar hot H2O The chief intent of this solar hot H2O is to offer a manner to heat H2O for all residential or besides commercial utilizations. The theory used here is similar to the 1 used when it is stated that the shallow lake Waterss are ever heated up where the scorching Sun is able to heat bottom portion of the lake and therefore the heat is retained by the H2O. In this instance, there is the edifice of warmers that are both storage armored combat vehicles and besides solar aggregators. These solar aggregators are largely level home base aggregators that are mounted on the uppermost portion of the roof with a level, thin rectangular box which has a screen that is crystalline in order to confront the Sun. These boxes should incorporate really little tubings that are filled with antifreeze or H2O which are thenceforth heated. These tubings in bend are attached to the absorber home base which is painted black in order to absorb maximal heat. When heat is built up in the installed aggregators, it is hence transmitted to the fluids which pass through the tubings. These tubings feed a large storage armored combat vehicle that thereafter holds the really hot liquid. It can sometimes be a modified H2O warmer which is really well-insulated and typically big. The systems that use H2O are so used for assorted uses that require hot H2O. Again the systems that use fluids other than merely H2O have an installed heat money changer which is used to change over the available heat to functional hot H2O. The solar H2O heating systems could be inactive or active although the most common is the active type. Different pumps transfer the liquid between the storage armored combat vehicle and the aggregator in the active types whereas the inactive types utilize the gravitation and the H2O is designed to go around of course when it is being heated. Solar procedure heat There are solar airing systems which utilize procedure heat and are intended to offer really big measures of infinite or hot H2O heating for all the nonresidential edifices. The typical system is known to include the solar aggregators which are known to work along with some pump, big storage armored combat vehicles and a heat money changer. There are of two types and these are: a parabolic-trough aggregator and an evacuated-tube aggregator. The evacuated-tube aggregator is known to be a shallow box that is full of assorted spectacless, reflectors for heating the fluid that is inside the tubings and besides double-walled tubings. A big vacuity is present in between the walls and this helps to insulate the inner tubings that hold the extra heat. On the other manus the parabolic troughs are curved ( U-shaped ) , long rectangular mirrors that are so tilted in order to concentrate the sunshine to a tubing that runs down the center of the full trough. The fluid in the tubing is heated in bend. The two types may use the transpired aggregators that comprise of a black, thin metal panel which is mounted on the wall that faces the southern way in order to absorb the heat from the Sun. Air is allowed to go through through many little holes present in the panel and the infinite that is left behind the pierced wall permits the air watercourses from the holes to unify together. The air that is heated is drawn out from the infinite at the top into the system of airing. This type of system can besides be utilized for chilling of edifices, through the usage of solar heat as a beginning of energy. The use of the solar soaking up ice chests includes desiccant chilling that utilizes the available energy to the power chilling systems. Chapter 5: Decision and recommendations Fiscal analysis of the entire benefits of the renewable energy to the really end user is really of import in formalizing the existent advantages. There is a strong desire and demand to progress and better the environment through lessening of coal generated electricity although this demands and requires strong fiscal inducements. The expectancy of high costs particularly for the coal provided electricity is really hard to foretell, although when there is force per unit area to lower coal emanations the linked costs are ever passed to the clients. The investment in the renewable and alternate energy early plenty, take to the cost containment which can be attained before doing the possible escalations in the conventional coal energies. It is besides really advisable to fund the undertakings of solar power because they are the initial alternate energies. These are particularly in Qatar where they should be included in the national budget.