Account of the Gold Discovered in California in 1848

Record of the Gold Discovered in California in 1848 At the point when the 50th commemoration of California Gold Rush drew closer there was extraordinary enthusiasm for finding any onlookers to the occasion who may even now be alive. A few people professed to have been with James Marshall when he initially found a couple of gold pieces while building a sawmill for explorer and land aristocrat John Sutter. The majority of these records were welcomed with incredulity, yet it was commonly concurred that an elderly person named Adam Wicks, who was living in Ventura, California, could dependably recount to the tale of how gold was first found in Quite a while on January 24, 1848. The New York Times distributed a meeting with Wicks on December 27, 1897, around a month prior to the 50th commemoration. Wicks showed up in San Francisco by transport in the late spring of 1847, at 21 years old: I was enchanted with the wild new nation, and chose to remain, and I’ve never been out of the state from that time. Along in October 1847, I went with a few youthful colleagues up the Sacramento River to Sutter’s Fort, at what is currently the City of Sacramento. There were around 25 white individuals at Sutter’s Fort, which was simply a barricade of lumbers as an insurance from ambushes by Indians.Sutter was the most extravagant American in focal California at that point, however he had no cash. It was all in land, wood, ponies, and cows. He was around 45 years of age, and was brimming with plans for bringing in cash by offering his lumber to the United States government, which had recently come into ownership of California. That is the reason he was having Marshall develop the sawmill in Columale (later known as Coloma).I knew James Marshall, the pioneer of gold, great. He was a brilliant, capricious kind of man, who professed to be a specialist millwright out from New Jersey. California Gold Rush Began With Discovery at Sutters Sawmill Adam Wicks found out about the gold disclosure as an insignificant piece of camp tattle: In the last piece of January 1848, I was busy working with a group of vaqueros for Captain Sutter. I recollect as obviously as though it were yesterday when I originally knew about the gold disclosure. It was on January 26, 1848, forty-eight hours after the occasion. We had driven a drove of steers to a rich touching spot on the American River and were on our way back to Columale for more orders.A nephew, a fellow of 15 years, of Mrs. Wimmer, the cook at the timber camp, met us out and about. I gave him a lift on my pony, and as we ran along the kid revealed to me that Jim Marshall had discovered a few bits of what Marshall and Mrs. Wimmer thought were gold. The kid told this in the most obvious certainty way, and I didn't consider it again until I had placed the ponies in the corral and Marshall and I plunked down for a smoke. Wicks got some information about the supposed gold revelation. Marshall was from the start very irritated that the kid had even referenced it. In any case, subsequent to requesting that Wicks swear he could stay discreet, Marshall went inside his lodge, and came back with a flame and a tin matchbox. He lit the flame, opened the matchbox, and demonstrated Wicks what he said were pieces of gold. The biggest piece was the size of a hickory nut; the others were the size of dark beans. All had been pounded, and were brilliant from bubbling and basic analyses. Those were the confirmations of gold.I have pondered a thousand times since how we took the finding of the gold so coolly. Why, it didn't appear to us a major thing. It showed up just a simpler method of getting by for a couple of us. We had never known about a charge of gold-insane men back then. Additionally, we were green backwoodsmen. None of us had ever observed characteristic gold previously. The Workers at Sutters Mill Took It in Stride Incredibly, the effect of the revelation had little impact on the day by day life around Sutters property. As Wicks reviewed, life went on as in the past: We hit the hay at the standard hour that night, thus minimal energized were we about the disclosure that neither of us lost a moment’s rest over the terrific riches that lay about us. We proposed to go out and chase at odd occasions and on Sundays for gold pieces. Fourteen days or so later Mrs. Wimmer went to Sacramento. There she appeared at Sutter’s Fort a few chunks she had found along the American River. Indeed, even Captain Sutter himself had not known about the finds of gold on his property up to that point. Gold Fever Soon Seized the Entire Nation Mrs. Wimmers free lips set moving what might end up being an enormous relocation of individuals. Adam Wicks recalled that miners began showing up inside months: The most punctual hurry to the mines was in April. There were 20 men, from San Francisco, in the gathering. Marshall was so distraught at Mrs. Wimmer that he pledged he could never treat her adequately again.At first it was thought the gold was distinctly to be found inside a sweep of a couple of miles of the sawmill at Columale, yet the newcomers spread out, and consistently brought updates on territories along the American River that were more extravagant in gold than where we had been discreetly working for a couple weeks.The maddest man of everything was Captain Sutter when men started to originate from San Francisco, San Jose, Monterey and Vallejo by the score to discover gold. The entirety of the chiefs laborers quit their occupations, his sawmill couldn't be run, his steers went meandering endlessly for absence of vaqueros, and his farm was involved by a swarm of rebellious gold-insane men of all degrees of human advancement. All the captain’s plans for an extraordinary business vocation were out of nowhere destroyed. The Gold Fever before long spread toward the east coast, and toward the finish of 1848, President James Knox Polk really referenced the disclosure of gold in California in his yearly location to Congress. The incomparable California Gold Rush was on, and the next year would see a huge number of 49ers showing up to scan for gold. Horace Greeley, the unbelievable supervisor of the New York Tribune dispatched columnist Bayard Taylor to give an account of the marvel. Showing up in San Francisco in the late spring of 1849, Taylor saw a city developing at mind blowing speed, with structures and tents showing up everywhere throughout the slopes. California, considered a remote station just a couple of years sooner, could never be the equivalent.

DDT essays

DDT articles DDT and The Environment: The Effects on the Ecosystem As earth's populace develops so does the interest for food, and the utilization of pesticides has gotten basic in satisfying this need. The primary significant manufactured natural pesticide was a chlorinated hydrocarbon, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane or DDT. DDT was found in 1939 by Swiss scientific expert Paul Meller. In its initial days, DDT was a well known pesticide since it was poisonous to a wide scope of creepy crawly bugs, yet it seemed to have low poisonousness to warm blooded animals. DDT was likewise tenacious, which implied the pesticide didn't separate quickly in the earth and along these lines didn't should be reapplied regularly and since DDT was insoluble it didn't wash off by downpour or other climate conditions. Albeit continuously all through time it was found that numerous creepy crawlies had created protection from DDT, and it was found that DDT did in actuality posture to be hurtful to the biological system. This revelation made wide open intrigue and made in dividuals mindful that synthetic compounds were contaminating the earth. As a resu! lt DDT was restricted for use in North America and different nations in the mid 1970s. Despite the fact that pesticides, for example, DDT, may diminish the quantity of creepy crawlies, from the beginning of time it has been demonstrated that there is an adverse impact upon nature, creatures and people thus. DDT is a dreary substance pesticide, otherwise called dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, whose reason for existing is to destroy ailment conveying what's more, crop-eating creepy crawlies. It was first disengaged in Germany in 1874, yet not until 1939 did the Swiss Nobel Prize-winning scientific expert Paul Meller remember it as an intense nerve poison on creepy crawlies. In this way, DDT was first utilized vigorously in World War II for preinvasion splashing, DDT was spread in extraordinary amounts from there on all through the world to battle yellow fever, typhus, elephantiasis, and other creepy crawly vectored sicknesses. In India, DDT decreased jungle fever from 75 million cases to ... <! DDT papers For quite a long time, individuals have caught wind of the American Bald Eagles declining populace and the enormous bounce back that it made over the most recent couple of years. Indeed, even now the populace is as yet imperiled. As of late, bald eagle days have demonstrated the huge help for one of our countries seals. This the sum total of what could have been maintained a strategic distance from by not utilizing DDT, DDE, and DDD. DDT was the main chlorinated natural bug spray. It was initially arranged in 1873, however it was not until 1939 that Paul Muller of Geigy Pharmaceutical in Switzerland found that DDT could be utilized as a successful bug spray. This was such an astounding disclosure, that in 1948 he was given the Nobel Prize in medication and physiology. In the years that DDT was utilized as a bug spray, the World Health Organization assessed that roughly 25 million lives were spared because of creepy crawlies that convey typhoid and jungle fever being executed. For the initial 2 decades that DDT was utilized, researchers believed that the harmfulness of DDT and related bug sprays were innocuous to the two plants and the creatures that were not focused by DDT. It was not until the late 1950s that the impacts of DDT turned out to be generally inquired about. In 1962, Rachel Carson discharged her book Silent Spring. Presently, researchers detailed that DDT was undermining the endurance of Predatory winged animals and was even appeared in bosom milk and in semen of people. Research showed that DDT could climb the natural pecking order rapidly. A typical model would be there was an expected .000003 sections for every million of DDT in surface water during the heaviest utilization of DDT. Zooplankton, from living in the water and engrossing it, appear around .04 sections for each million of DDT. Little fish appear around .5 sections for every million. Enormous fish appear around 2 to 5 sections for each million. At long last, winged creatures, for example, Bald Eagles and Ospreys, have a centralization of 25 sections for every million. This is a 1 billion percent expansion from the surface water to the flying creatures at the top. ... <!

History Of Police Interviewing In England And Wales Criminology Essay

History Of Police Interviewing In England And Wales Criminology Essay Section 1- Talking suspects and witnesses is an essential activity of policing everywhere throughout the world. In England and Wales, pre PACE, generally there was no conventional meeting preparing for cops and officials figured out how to meet through perception of other cops. In this manner, the best proof of blame was admissions and hypothetically great questioners were the individuals who could persuade suspects to admit to violations. Police interviews earlier 1984 were administered by Judges Rules, these were only rules for the officials what their identity was permitted to execute interviews unrecorded and afterward to compose a report of the meeting from memory. A short time later, officials memory of the meeting was introduced in court from the penmanship report. The perils of this are undeniable officials can get awful practices or miss significant data. In the end examinations can be harmed, disturbed or even wrecked. The mystery of the police talk with room prompted far reaching wor ry about the strategies used to separate admissions things like terrorizing, mistreatment, double dealing, and even physical viciousness (Leo, 1992). It has been demonstrated that these strategies can prompt bogus admissions, in which case a twofold unnatural birth cycle of equity happens not exclusively is a guiltless individual sentenced yet the genuine guilty party stays free (Gudjonsson, 1992). The point of this section is to talk about the old analytical meeting which prompted unnatural birth cycles of equity. Additionally, what was occurring to police talking with, why bogus admissions were visit wonder and what sorts of bogus admissions exist. A significant subject is open recognition about police meeting at this chronicled time. At long last the essential upgrades that have been done, for example, PACE and Circulars 7 and 22. Unsuccessful labors of Justice At the point when the term unnatural birth cycles of equity is utilized, it for the most part alludes to what are called faulty feelings or illegitimate feelings. Walker (1999: 52-5) sums up the reasons for flawed feelings which are: manufacture of proof, temperamental ID of a guilty party by the police or witnesses, inconsistent master proof, untrustworthy admissions coming about because of police pressure or the powerlessness of suspects, non divulgence of proof by the police or indictment, the lead of the preliminary and issues related with advances methodology. Be that as it may, the term unsuccessful labors of equity as identifying with sketchy feelings is itself halfway sufficient (Adler and Gray, 2010). Subsequently, the term can likewise happen when there is no activity, inaction or faulty activities, whereby an offense has occurred however no activity or lacking activity or obstruction has followed. Flawed activities incorporate police amateurish lead and absence of capacity (e.g, disappointments to research viably, poor treatment of casualties and their family), lacking arraignment forms (poor correspondence with police, hazard evasion ), and hazardous preliminary practices (unfriendly interrogation of witness, powerless introduction of the indictment case). Along these lines, faulty activities speak to police inability to distinguish suspects and to squeeze charges, the absence of accomplishment of the indictment to mount a case, the breakdown of the arraignment case during the preliminary and thus, organizations insufficiency to educate or bolster casualties and their families (Newburn, Williamson and Wright, 2007). Customarily, the essential point of police examiners has been to acquire an admission from the essential suspect, the admission being seen by officials to be the key of an effective examination and the overwhelming methods by which a conviction can be made sure about. To comprehend why an admission was so crucial concern it is fundamental to think about the activity of different frameworks of equity. In an ill-disposed framework, the appointed authority is viewed as impartial during the preliminary procedure and should leave the introduction of the case to the arraignment and safeguard who set up their case, call and analyze observers. As indicated by Zander (1994), the ill-disposed framework isn't a quest for reality. The inquisitorial framework expect to be a quest for reality, in this framework the adjudicator isn't impartial however will assume basic job in the introduction of the proof at the preliminary. The Judge calls and inspects the respondent and the observer. While the pr eliminary is in progress legal advisors for the indictment and barrier can simply pose correlative inquiries. The Royal Commission expressed that It is significant not to exaggerate the contrasts between the two frameworks since all antagonistic frameworks contain inquisitorial components and the other way around (Runciman, 1993). The court was not inspired by reality; it simply needed to choose whether discipline has been applied past all normal uncertainty. Along these lines, it isn't astonishing that admission proof had need and examiners depended on an admission inside the examination procedure. Absolutely, examiners concentrated on an admission and to achieve an admission utilized coercive strategies, permitting the examination group to proceed onward to the following case. Bogus admissions lead to bogus feelings, along these lines cops imitated unsuccessful labors of equity inside their conduct and talking strategies (Newburn, Williamson and Wright, 2007). Bogus admissions lead to bogus feelings In the UK and different nations, various unnatural birth cycles of equity have set up that bogus admissions happen and an enormous number of these are because of components which exist inside the meeting setting. Kassin and McNall (1991) examined the strategies portrayed by Inbau, Reid and Buckley (1986) which lead to bogus admissions; and discovered two classes: boost, where questioners use alarm strategies to scare a suspect accept to be liable and minimisation, where questioners underestimate the offense earnestness and charges. Three classes of bogus admissions were distinguished by Gudjonsson and MacKeith (1988) and extended by Shepherd (1996). These classifications are as per the following: Deliberate bogus admission Deliberate bogus admissions happen when the interviewee dishonestly admits for individual explanation without pressure. Potential reasons that speculate give bogus admission are: to absolve sentiments of blame about a genuine or envisioned wrongdoing or circumstance previously (this is generally conceivable to occur for individuals with wretchedness, Gudjonsson, 1992). To pre-empt further examination of an increasingly genuine offense; to conceal the genuine guilty party; to pick up reputation a desire to get scandalous and to improve ones confidence; a failure to recognize reality from imagination(people with schizophrenia); to render a retribution on another and to shroud other non criminal activities. Constrained agreeable bogus admission Constrained consistent bogus admissions emerge when the interviewee consents to make an admission so as to make an increase. This classification of bogus admission happen from social impact factor; consistence. Consistence is an adjustment in ones conduct for contributory purposes, it is first found in Aschs (1956) essential investigations of similarity and Milgrams (1974) examine on submission to power. Interviewee sees the transient points of interest of admitting (being discharged) exceeding the drawn out costs, (for example, indictment and detainment). Individuals, who are acceptable to consistence, for example, individuals with learning inabilities, might be particularly defenseless against this kind of bogus admission. Forced disguised bogus admission The last class is a pressured disguised bogus admission in such cases presumes come to accept that they are blameworthy in light of the fact that they no longer trust their own memory of specific subtleties. This kind of bogus admission gets from a subjective impact and alludes to the inside acknowledgment of convictions held by others. An interviewee who is on edge, worn out and confounded really comes to accept the person in question carried out the wrongdoing. The presumes memory might be modified in talking process. This can be connected to the bogus memory condition. The memory doubt condition concerns interviewees who doubt their own memory and subsequently rely upon outer guide for data (in this specific circumstance - questioner, Wolchover Heaton-Amstrong, 1996). This disorder can be clarified in two different ways. The first identifies with amnesia or memory harm. The interviewee has no unmistakable memory and doesn't recollect whether he carried out the wrongdoing or not. Additionally the individual doesn't recollect what precisely happened the hour of the wrongdoing. This might be because of amnesia or liquor instigated memory issues. The subsequent way happens when the interviewee knows that the person didn't carry out the wrongdoing and when the questioner makes cases, controls the interviewee with recommendations. The presume questions their self and begin thinking on the off chance that the individual perpetrated the wrongdoing. Ofshe (1989), expressed that three normal character qualities are arranged on individuals who give this sort of bogus admissions. They trust in individuals of power, absence of self-assurance and elevated suggestibility. Gudjonsson (1997) additionally contended, the deception and bogus recollections in instances of forced disguised bogus admission are most ordinarily evolved because of manipulative meeting strategies. Gudjonsson and Clark (1986) likewise presented the hypothesis of suggestibility which is a hypothetical model of inquisitive suggestibility and emerges from a social subjective perspective. It is contended, that a great many people would be powerless to proposals if the important states of vulnerability, relational trust and increased desires are available. Verifiable in such a model is the presumption that inquisitive suggestibility is an unmistakable sort of suggestibility. Gudjonsson likewise calls attention to that; suggestibility is, partly, affected by situational factors and experience. Is characterized as the degree to which, inside a shut social cooperation, individu als come to acknowledge messages imparted during formal addressing,

Case Study 8-2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Contextual analysis 8-2 - Research Paper Example Moreover, the association has neglected to expressly state in the CBA the terms of how they would raise their premiums, given the foreseen energy about premium rates. 2. I believe that the translation of the association on the CBA was sensible, given that the CBA expressly expressed that the rate increment on the premiums to be paid by the laborers, powerful January 1,200, would be on the expressed sums as based from the 1999 premiums for the TOP. For this situation, it can sensibly be contended that the premiums to be paid by the laborers would be founded on 1999 premiums; in any case, it is additionally the union’s issue that they didn't explain on whether the rates introduced on the CBA were only illustrative, or were the real rates. 3. For this situation, I believe that the organization additionally had the ethical obligation to expressly express the details of the CBA arrangement, so that there would be no disarray on its translation. On this particular case, it can obvio usly be seen that the superior installment figures expressed in the CBA might be sensible comprehended to be based from 1999 premiums, viable on the expressed date (January 1,2000).

The Life and Work of Psychologist James McKeen Cattell

The Life and Work of Psychologist James McKeen Cattell History and Biographies Print The Life and Work of Psychologist James McKeen Cattell By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on May 24, 2018 More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming James McKeen Cattell was the first psychology professor in the United States, teaching at the University of Pennsylvania. During those early days, psychology was often regarded as a lesser science and was often even viewed as a pseudoscience. Cattell is credited with helping established psychologys legitimacy as a science thanks to his focus on quantitative methods. He was also the founder and editor of a number of scientific journals including The Psychological Review. Best Known For First U.S. psychology professorHelped establish psychology as a legitimate science Birth and Death James McKeen Cattell was born May 25, 1860, in Easton, Pennsylvania.He died January 20, 1944 Early Life James McKeen Cattell was the oldest child born to a wealthy family in Pennsylvania. His father, William, was a Presbyterian minister who later became the president of Easton College. His uncle was Alexander Gilmore Cattell, a U.S. Senator for New Jersey. Cattell attended Lafayette College starting at age 16 where he studied English literature. He later graduated with an M.A. degree. After visiting Germany for graduate study, Cattell met Wilhelm Wundt and developed an interest in psychology. After a brief stint studying at John Hopkins University, Cattell returned to Germany to serve as Wundts assistant. Cattell went on to publish the first psychology dissertation by an American. Career Cattell was awarded his Ph.D. in 1886 and became a lecturer at the University of Cambridge. He returned to the United States to teach psychology at the University of Pennsylvania and later at Columbia University. In 1895, he became the President of the American Psychological Association. Cattell was later fired from his position at Columbia over his public opposition to U.S. involvement in World War I. He later won a lawsuit against the university and, with the money he was awarded by courts, founded the Psychological Corporation with Edward L. Thorndike and Robert S. Woodworth. The corporation was one of the largest creators and administrators of mental tests. Contributions to Psychology Early in its history, psychology was often viewed as a lesser science or even a pseudoscience. As Cattell explained in his 1895 APA address: In the struggle for existence that obtains among the sciences psychology is continually gaining ground.... The academic growth of psychology in American during the past few years is almost without precedent.... Psychology is a required subject in the undergraduate curriculum ..., and among university courses psychology now rivals the other leading sciences in the number of students attracted and in the amount of original work accomplished. Cattell is an important figure in psychology thanks to research on intelligence, his use of quantitative methods and his focus on establishing psychology as a legitimate science. Cattell was fundamental in establishing several major psychology journals including The Psychological Review, the Journal of Science and Popular Science Monthly, which later went on to become Popular Science. Selected Publications Cattell, J. M. (1890). Mental tests and measurements. Mind, 15, 373-380.Cattell, J. M. (1903). Statistics of American psychologists. American Journal of Psychology.Cattell, J. M. (1904). The conceptions and methods of psychology. Popular Science Monthly

The Connection between Current News and Social Media Engagement - Free Essay Example

For that reason, journalists have developed ways to attain information and report the information. Social media has been the impelling cause of newspaper and other news outlets. Sixty-eight percent of American adults get their information through social media, with Facebook being the common website used for news. (Matsa Elisa Shearer, 2018). This shouldnt be a shock, because according to statista.com, just in the third quarter, Facebook had 2.27 billion monthly active users. Just note that the material on the website statista.com provides is active users that have logged onto Facebook within the last 30 days. In 2017, Facebook had reached 1 billion, which means within a year difference that number increased. From that fact, it is conclusive that the news being shared by the network sites are being commented, shared, reposted, and liked by millions of users within minutes of the news being released. The medias tactic in distributing information to the consumer changes the way people interpret breaking news. Also, if a mistake is done through information shared on social networking sites it is easier to go back and edit the mistake as opposed to print someone cant just go back and fix a mistake. The conduction of this qualitative research will focus on the effects social media has created on the consumer in regards to breaking news consumption. Literature Review With Facebook being the number one news outlet, Twitter is the second social networking site with a high consumer percentage for newsworthy content. According to the Pew Research Center on journalism.org, in 2015, Twitter had sixty-three percent of U.S. adults using the site to grasp news. In 2018, the monthly active users around the world for Twitter in the third quarter averaged at 326 billion monthly active users, according to statista.com. Twitter is a 280-word count text that allows you to write a quick and easy message to get out to the readers. By simply pressing the retweet button she or he is automatically sharing information on their profile that allows ones followers to now see what they have shared. Also, clicking and creating hashtags, which is the number symbol followed by a quick word or two, can lead ones post or stories about specific event topics and current happenings. In addition, on the top of the app page when you go on the search engine on Twitter there will be a box that contains the top news or the trending topic of the day. That part of the box is constantly being updated with news information, which makes the consumer view and share the information amongst others. Twitter enhances an opportunity to classify the breaking and sharing of new information. Information can present how quickly news gets shared and how rapidly the subject shows related tweets (Williams Reade, 2016). Using Twitter or other social media platforms as a medium for distributing breaking-news stories has shown to be effective. For example, President Donald Trump uses Twitter as his main platform to express his opinions on certain situations regarding news about the world. Whether it is political or not, he uses twitter instead of news media to communicate with society and the world. With many news consumers searching for instant gratification, social media has made it easier for consumers to access breaking news and have the accessibility to share those stories to masses. Amy Reynolds and Brook Barnett conducted a study on the live coverage of September 11 and how national TV went about it. According to Reynolds and Barnett, journalists dont have time to verify information when it comes to breaking news as opposed to traditional reporting does (Reynolds Barnett, 2003). When it comes to traditional reporting he or she has to set up interviews, do some research on the information needed, then report what he or she has written which, needs to get edited and confirmed for publication. For this reason, when sharing news through social media outlets, the information is posted and received much more quickly by the masses. For instance, Facebook has live streaming which makes it a greater networking site for sharing news a lot quicker. Also, live streaming has the ability to share what is happening at the given moment and time. Streaming is beneficial in the sense that you dont need to wait for a file to be downloaded then view it. Since people watch news t hrough media sources, by the time news reaches the newspaper it already becomes a day old and people will ignore it. According to Ben S. Wasike, amongst 200 to over 500 million active users, Twitter has become one of the most popular networking sites for quick and short posts (Wasike, 2013). Because reporters often need to distribute breaking news in an instant, Twitter is useful for sharing information rapidly. For instance, in downtown Bozeman, there was an explosion that occurred on March 5, 2009. Since reporters werent around during the incident, people were recording and photographing the incident and posting it on Twitter. The news broke out before it was even brought to print or media broadcastings on TV (Wasike, 2013). This comes to show how much news on social media is very much existent and influential to consumers. In a study conducted by Katherine Haenschen, the Internet plays a big role in engaging the consumers to participate in political voting (Haenschen, 2016). By doing so neither the democrat or republican party are having the consumers engage, learn, and self-inform for the voting. Furthermore, by having connections in the media social network organizations and political campaigns are able to rally voters. Many other social media platforms like YouTube use their video stream to campaign and promote in the ads so viewers can get a glimpse of who is campaigning for that term. Ads have become as of great use for promoting as well as to get the consumer to click on the ad for more information that is given. Another thing about ads people are forced to watch most of the time at least 5-20 seconds of it before you can skip the ad. When presidential elections are occurring, social media is constantly updating the social networks of the candidates running for elections. Prior to that, the consu mers are receiving and sharing content amongst others. A common thing found in social media networks is polls. A poll in social media content allows the person to see the status of ones voting and is commonly used for politics in election campaigns for candidates. According to Haenschen, the using of Internet in American adults in 1983 was 1.4 percent, whereas in 2013 it rose up to 87 percent (Haenschen, 2016). Nowadays, the Internet is your television, your news, your telephone and so much more, which is history in the making. According to Spencer T. Johnson and Ann Dutton Ewbank, when looking over news content, students should be able to analyze and understand what they are reading whether it be breaking news or current events (Johnson Ewbank, 2018). One of the examples that was given in the study was how students should be careful when it comes to political voting because students are younger, they may just vote for the candidate that is most known of, but should also understand the good or bad impact the candidate will be. Therefore, breaking or real news in social media is helpful information to the youth and adults. Edson Tandoc and Erika Johnson conducted research where they proposed that Twitter is the social media outlet that college students most used. Tandoc and Johnsons study examines how college students receive their breaking news. The participant was asked to choose one media outlet, from a pool of digital, multimedia, and written news sources (Tandoc Johnson, 2016). Tandoc and Johnson advise that because social media plays a big part in the distribution of breaking news, there is a higher chance that sharing news would rise up during a bad time. For instance, when an incident happens it is usually shared on social media and the consumers use that outlet to get more information on the incident. How do breaking news media outlets make it to the masses? According to Janani Kalyanam, Mauricio Quezada, Barbara Poblete, and Gert Lanckriet, online social network reports information or news rapidly making it the main source for breaking news (Kalyanam, Quezeda, Poblete, Lanckriet, 2016). Dep ending on the information given online, if a lot of people share and view the news, then the social media networks get more attention. By giving content likes, shares, and comments, the news becomes popular and is seen amongst many people (Kalyanam, Quezeda, Poblete, Lanckriet, 2016). On an occasion, someone on social media had shared a photograph of a dress that went viral back in 2015. The photograph went viral because people were debating whether the dress on the picture was black and blue or gold and white. That goes to show how a small thing that doesnt have meaning can end up being the trend for not just days but weeks, which also explains how much social networking has up risen and has viewers updated with trending topics. But the question is why would people distribute information through social media instead of in a face-to-face situation. According to Jayson L. Dibble and Timothy R. Levine, people are reluctant to share bad news. Reasons include self-presentation and sensitivity to receiver emotionality (Dibble Levine, 2013). Through their research, it is expressed that the closer you are to someone, the harder it becomes to share bad news to them. It is very common that not all, but some people have difficult time with expressing themselves and what is on ones mind and becomes much easier to just express ones feelings on social media. This can be a factor as to why people choose to inform bad news through an online social media platform, rather than in person. For example, in todays society, everyone relies on their electronics, specifically their phone. It gives them so much more freedom on deciding what they want to do. It also makes it easier to just call or text someone than to make sure the person is home, get in their car and drive to the person you would like to share some news or important information. Those extra efforts are unnecessary now and prefer the easier route to take and just do a simple phone call. The next question is, how news outlets classify what is newsworthy? Does it have sufficient information to be shared on social media? According to Monika Bednarek, journalists use a setoff news value, such as negativity, to measure and judge events newsworthiness. (Bednarek, 2016). According to Bednarek, a lot of news industries are accommodated to help journalists share and publicize stories to have the consumer become more interested in what they are reading. Bednarek implies that the right tools and support of data scientists is to look over information about a story, which helps a journalist with writing skills, photographs, and written stories will be liked and shared some more than others. (Badnarek, 2016). Having these assets in a newsroom makes a journalists work newsworthy, but reading and obtaining stories is a choice made by the consumer and how they want to distribute important information. According to the book, A First Look at Communication Theory written by Em Griff in, Andrew Ledbetter, and Glenn Sparks, selective exposure is the tendency people have to avoid information that would create cognitive dissonance because its incompatible with their current beliefs, (Griffin, Ledbetter, Sparks.) People choose to see and hear what they want and decide how they want to obtain and share information. Professionals hypothesize that this occurs in order to reduce dissonance. If one has been through a situation the person can understand and relate. In an example, if you tell a child to behave, they will be given a lollipop, they choose to see and hear what is in their convenience. Because they see that if they do well, they will be rewarded with a candy. Their way of thinking transitions to do well and it conditions them to know that the next time it happens they will know their reward. This happens in the real world and in the media, people choose to see and hear what they want. Its an option, not forced. Politically charged stories are the epitome of s elective exposure. According to Steve Paulussen and Raymond A. Harder, studies have proposed that social media has become popular in various categories such as celebrity, sports, and political news (Paulussen Harder, 2014). Political parties like democrats and republicans will read and see stories that come to their advantage depending what party they are running for. According to Florian Arendt, Nina Steindl, and Anna Kmpel, despite the variety of media messages available, audience members tend not to allocate their media choices and available time equally. This is an example of selection in mediated news (Arendt, Steindl, Kmpel). Another example of this is how certain political parties try and reach out to A-list celebrities so in return they get the exposure from their fans and followers. They end up winning because they gain new followers and it shows how mainstream they are. Adding to this matter, many music artists focusing more on the multicultural side, tending to talk about many political ha ppenings in the present tense. When an artist makes a music video, they always show some type of diplomatic statement so their fans and followers will see it and talk about it. A video that was well-talked about amongst thousands of people was a song called This is America by the artist Childish Gambino. The music video shows content that is shocking sending viewers a message how gun and violence in America is dealt with. This music video had many people talking and sharing posts on social media site like Twitter.

AFSPA an Alleged Failure - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4453 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? 5. AFSPA an Alleged Failure. As per certain sections of the society, The AFSPA has neither solved the insurgency in the North East nor terrorism in J K .Besides it is is disliked by the local public and hence warrants a review. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "AFSPA an Alleged Failure" essay for you Create order In fact, as per critics of the act, the decision to review the act after public agitation speaks of Indian democratic strength, however failure to take this ahead indicates lack of political will. A test of a law is its effectiveness. The AFSPA has failed to deliver and is discriminatory . Its review is hence essential as a democratic country cannot have a law that defends guilty persons with impunity.1 6. Various HR organizations have also repeatedly highlighted many shortcomings of AFSPA Certain important aspects against the act are enumerated in succeeding paragraphs.2 7. Indian Laws and Rights of Citizens.. Several court cases challenging the constitutionality of AFSPA are pending before the Supreme Court. The following provisions of the Indian laws are alleged to be impinged by this act:- (a) Violation of Right to Life. Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees the right to life to citizens of our country. This right has allegedly violated by Section 4 of this act. . (b) Violation of Right of Equality Before Law. Article 14 of the Constitution ensures equality before law. People residing in areas declared as disturbed have been denied this right because of Section 6 of AFSPA which prevent the citizens from filing a suit against any personal of armed forces without prior sanction of Central Government. (c) Violation of Protection Against Arrest . As per Section 22 of our Constitution, any person arrested is to be informed regarding the causes for the arrest and produced before a magistrate within 24 hours . The AFSPA violates these provisions as the armed forces allegedly detain the accused without officially declaring the arrest leading to HR violations. (e) The AFSPA Violates Indian Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC). (i) Use of Minimum Force . The Criminal Procedure Code lays out the procedures that police is to follow for carrying out arrests and searches . CrPC also advocates use of minimum force for dispersing an unlawful assembly. No such provisions exists in any sections of Armed Forces Special Powers Act. (ii) Obsolute Powers to All Ranks less Sepoy. An executive magistrate or police officer not below the rank of a sub inspector is authorised to disperse any unlawful assembly. In Armed Forces Special Powers Act, all members of the armed forces less a sepoy have been vested with such powers. (iii) CrPC does not advocate force to the extent of causing death unless they are accused of an offence punishable by death. The same rule does not pertain to Armed Forces Special Powers Act. (f) Limited Remedy to the Alleged Victim. Section 6 of AFSPA violates Section 32(1) of the constitution that provides the right to move the Supreme Court in case of any violation of basic fundamental rights .Under AFSPA, prior sanction is to obtained from Centre Government before a case can be filed in court. (g) Absolute Powers Without State of Emergency. AFSPA grants likes of emergency powers to the armed forces without declaring a state of emergency un the country which is considered contrary to the constitution. 8. In Contradiction To International Laws. HR organisations including United Nations Human Rights Commission have stated that AFSPA violates the various provisions of United Nations Universal Declaration on Human Rights and other International Laws. They include violation of the rights to free and equal dignity, non discrimination based on creed or religion, right to life, security and equality before law etc. Certain important facets of AFSPA which allegedly violate International Laws are given under:- (a) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Following the ICCPR some of the rights of citizens e.g. right to life, protection against torture etc continue to be non derogable even during state of emergencies. It is alleged that AFSPA outrightly violates both these derogable and non derogable rights. ICCPR also guarantees that a person who is arrested has the rig ht to be aware of the reason for his arrest. This provision has also been violated by the AFSPA as there is no obligation towards informing the person of reasons for arrest. (b) International Customary Law. The AFSPA ,as per UN violates the UN Code of Conduct for Law Enforcing Officials in terms of use of minimum force to the extent of causing death in addition to similar provisions present in most international laws. 9. Views of UN on AFSPA. The UN has also criticised India for continuing with laws including AFSPA which it believes breaches international human rights standards .The United Nations has asked New Delhi to repeal the AFSPA besides raising the issue of alleged disappearance of people in Kashmir. In 2009, the UN Commissioner for Human Rights Navnetham has stated that India should repeal the out dated and colonial-era laws including. These range from laws which provide the SF with excessive emergency powers, including the AFSPA. In 1997, the UN Human Rights Committe e stated that by imposing AFSPA, the government is in fact using emergency powers without following the procedures laid down in the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights. Again in 2007, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination unequivocally urged the government of India to repeal the Act within one year.3 13. A Law thats Past its Use-by Date. If the armed forces are required to be used within the country to deal with insurgencies and other serious internal disturbances, it is reasonable to expect that they should have the right to use force. Hewever, the requirements of democracy and even military discipline make it imperative that the right be exercised at all times and places in a lawful and reasonable manner. Regardless of what specific statutes may authorise, the use of force in both international and municipal law is considered reasonable only when it satisfies the twin tests of necessity and proportionality. It goes without saying that rules governing the use of force are meaningful only when there is some mechanism to ensure compliance. International law is often criticised for the absence of such a mechanism, especially when it comes to disciplining powerful states. But there is no excuse for civilised societies failing to take action when the laws that define what kind of violence is permissible are wilfully violated. The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958, which grants soldiers far-reaching powers to arrest and kill, has impunity scripted into it and needs to be reviewed. 14. Prevailing Environment in The Country against AFSPA. A number of rallies, protests, conferences and seminars have been held all over India for discussing the inhuman nature of AFSPA . Student bodies have organized similar protests in every nook and corner of India which led to do something syndrome thereby forcing the govt of India to form the C Upendra Commission to investigate the alleged rape case in Manipur and another AFSPA Review Committee under the chairmanship of Jeevan Reddy (Retd Judge of SC). Many human rights groups operating in India as well as many international organizations like Amnesty International, Asian human rights commission and UN human rights committee have also expressed the genuine desire for repealing the said act or to erase the inhuman clauses which are present.4 15. Jeevan Reddy Commission. Demand for repeal or review of Armed Forces Special Powers Act has been made since long. Various political leaders also have made promises from time to time to review the act. However, no concrete steps were taken in this direction till visit of the Prime Minister to Manipur in November 2004. During this visit the Prime Minister promised to consider the demand of various organisations on the subject. Accordingly a commission was set up by the Central Government on 19 November 2004 to recommend necessary changes in the existing act or to replace the act with a more humane act. The commission was headed by Mr BP Jeevan Reddy, former judge of the Supreme Court with four other members. The commission submitted its report to the Central Government in August 2005. The government is yet to take any decisions on the recommendations made by the commission. Some of the important aspects of the recommendations of the commission are as follows5:- (a) Armed Forces Special Powers Act should be repealed. However army should remain functional as at present. (b) Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 as amended in 2004 should be made the only law to deal with all types of internal security problems including insurgency and terrorism. (c) A chapter should be added to facilitate the employment of armed forces in the existing Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 as amended in 2004. The draft chapter was included in report of the commission compatible to democratic principles.6 Aspects in Favour of AFSPA 14. However ,all aspects of AFSPA need to be studied in detail to arrive at a logical conclusion. The emerging internal security situation, security threats and the concerns of the SF also need to be factored at the operational levels. The issues favouring AFSPA are mentioned in the succeeding paras. 15. AFSPA not Violating Constitution. The various provisions of the AFSPA emanate firmly from within the spirit of the constitution and vision of our founding fathers. Section 3 of the AFSPA clearly lays down that when the conditions in a state are disturbed and dangerous for National Security, then the armed forces are to be used to prevent activities involving terrorist acts directed towards overawing the government as by law established or striking terror in the people or alienating any section of the people or adversely affecting harmony amongst different sections of the people. The promulgation of AFSPA is carried out in such threat like circumstances. It is only when the ordin ary citizen gets overawed that the government decides to promulgate the act in the disturbed area. The verb  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   striking terror and affecting the harmony needs to be understood in the correct perspective. Should the state permit ordinary citizen to be terrorised and harmony in the country be compromised in the face of blatant misuse of human rights by terrorists and insurgents? Isnt it the duty of the State to maintain harmony amongst the citizens of the state? These are a few questions which the detractors of AFSPA need to answer. 16. Growth of Arbitary Powers a Rhetoric. The rhetoric that AFSPA   grants arbitrary powers to the armed forces to shoot at sight, arrest people as they desire, conduct searches without evidence and demolish structures is totally baseless with an aim to malign the SF. It is pertinent to analyse the rhetoric indulged by the human rights organisations against the Indian Army in the right perspective as given under:- (a) Firstly, certain accusations pertain to the mishandling of situation arising out of assembly of a group of people and consequent violence. The AFSPA in no way prohibits peaceful assembly of people. It is the blatant misuse of such assembly to foment trouble and overawe the state that needs to be addressed. Such gatherings are aimed to manipulate public sentiments by anti-national/social elements to carry out subversive activities. (b) Secondly the cases pertaining to the so- called human rights violations young male members of a house disappearing in Jammu Kashmir, Assamese civilians getting caught in army cross-fire, electric shocks being used as a common torture tool in Punjab, student protestors shot dead by the security forces in the Garo Hills in Meghalaya, civilians abused in the name of counter-insurgency in the border villages of Arunachal Pradesh and other cases need to be seen in the correct perspective. AFSPA Para 4(b) lays down that a competent officer if he is of opinion that it is necessary to do so, may destroy any arms dump, prepared or fortified position or shelter from which armed attacks are made or are likely to be made or are attempted to be made, or any structure used as training camp for armed volunteers or utilised as a hide-out by armed gangs or absconders wanted for any offence. The contingency quoted in the clause pertaining to the misuse of civil structure for waging war against the state is in no way a warrant for wanton destruction which the human right groups allege against the army. Disappearance of citizens is viewed very seriously and strictest possible disciplinary action against the defaulter is taken swiftly by the Army. (c) As regards the provision of arrest and search powers given under the Act, as per the basic tenets of the Constitution, the arrested persons are handed over to the civil police within a stipulated time-frame. The presence of civil police including women police at all times is also mandato ry during operations. (d) The authority to search without a search warrant has a connotation that has to be understood in the correct perspective. The anti-national elements make use of civilian assets to wage war and create unstable conditions. The need to prevent them from succeeding in their designs requires that the infrastructure support these elements enjoy must be addressed to in a cogent manner. Besides waiting for arrest warrants will delay the launch of swift operations and loose exploitation of fleeting opportunities.7 17. Protection of Soldiers for Actions is in Good Faith and Not For Blanket Immunity. The soldiers and officers of the army have to be protected from prosecution for consequential action taken against insurgents in good faith as part of their operations. Here too, the Act does contain the important caveat that the army personnel can be prosecuted with the Centres sanction, if their actions warrant it. There is, therefore, no blanket immunity from the laws of the land. Over the years, some army personnel have indeed been prosecuted where a prima facie case existed. However, it is also true that due to the exceptional care which all army commanders take when their troops are employed against insurgents, such cases are few and far between. 18. Legal Authority For Army is Mandatory to Fight Terrorism. The army is designed and structured for fighting external enemies of the nation. Consequently, they are not given any police powers. However, when the nation wants the army to conduct counter-insurgency and counter-terrorist operations, then they must be given the legal authority to conduct their operations without the impediment of getting clearances from the higher authorities . If this is not done, they would be unable to function efficiently and defeat the insurgents and terrorists at their own game. It is for this reason that the Act gives the basic four powers to army personnel. These are for enter and search, arrest without w arrant, destroy arms dumps or other fortifications and fire or use force after due warning where possible. Once again, there is a safeguard in the Act, which stipulates that the arrested person(s) will be handed over speedily to the nearest police station.8 19. Disturbed Area Declaration By Political Authority Overrides AFSPA. The law stipulates that AFSPA can be imposed only after the area in question is declared a disturbed area by the state government concerned. Clearly, the Army has no desire to get embroiled in counter-insurgency tasks. However, despite over 50 years of insurgency in our country, the state police as well as the central police forces (CPOs) have not been made capable of tackling insurgency. Consequently, in each case the army has been inducted to carry out counter insurgency/ terrorist operations. If the national leadership tasks the army for conducting such non-military operations, then it is incumbent on the leadership to provide the legal wherewithal to al l army personnel employed on such tasks. Even then, the political leadership retains the power to invoke or withdraw AFSPA and not the Army.9 20. AFSPA a Necessity for National Security and Not Alone The Army. It is often simplistically argued that the security forces need the Act. This is actually quite misleading since the State alone can under a constitutional statute declare an area as disturbed and decide upon the deployment of the central paramilitary or the armed forces. It is invariably seen that the following circumstances drive the employment of the security forces:- (a) Administrative failures have time and again contributed to insurgencies in the past. Once they have erupted, the local functionaries and the police forces have proved inadequate in coping with them. As a result, the states are simply forced to turn to central paramilitary forces or the army for protection of life and property. (b) Having undertaken concerted counterinsurgency operations over time, the affected states have simply failed to make capital out of the peace dividend delivered by the security forces. This has often resulted in their extended presence with no signs at all of return to normalcy. (c) Consequentially, the security forces have a right to seek legal provisions to undertake operations for three fundamental reasons. One, a soldier unlike a policeman is not empowered by the law to use force. Next, while operating in far flung areas, it is simply not possible to requisition the support of magistrates every now and then. Lastly, their employment is an instrument of `last resort` when all other options have been exhausted. (d) There is no gainsaying the fact that political necessity drives deployment of the security forces for internal security duties. The forces are aware that they cannot afford to fail when called upon to safeguard the countrys integrity. Hence, they require the minimum legislation that is essential to ensure efficient utilisation of c ombat capability. This includes safeguards from legal harassment and empowerment of its officers to decide on employment of the minimum force that they consider essential.10 22. Risks of Dilution of AFSPA Even the mere dilution of the Act could have serious repercussions at the operational level it would result in loss of morale and reluctance amongst the security forces to undertake operations fearing litigation, thereby leading to a slow tempo of operations. A frail legal standing would embolden the insurgent/terrorist organizations and their over ground workers (OGWs) to level frivolous allegations resulting in the military leadership appearing more often in courts rather than in leading counter-terrorist operations. The judiciary too is likely to be targeted by the insurgents/terrorists to make them pliant thereby posing an additional security burden. Also, over a period of time judicial standards and rectitude could deteriorate leading to a loss of faith in the system. In th e absence of legal provisions, the state and the soldier would be vulnerable, and in turn fail to provide the security, development and governance needed to prevent the insurgency.11 24. Analysis of AFSPA. An in depth analysis of Armed Forces Special Powers Act brings out that the views of various HR organisations and certain sections of the society on AFSPA being illegal and unconstitutional are biased and misinterpreted. Reasons and justifications of the same are given below:- (a) Legality of the AFSPA. AFSPA was enacted by the Parliament in 1958 as per the procedures and powers vested on the Parliament by the Indian Constitution. Therefore this act is absolutely legal. Its legality has also been upheld by the Honourable Supreme Court in its verdict in the case of Naga Peoples Movement of Human Rights versus Union of India on 27 November 97. (b) Misinterpretation of Special Powers. The use of term Special Power in the name of AFSPA is often misunderstood and misinterprete d. There are actually no arbitrary powers vested to the armed forces through this act. Most provisions of section 4 are already vested with the police even in normal circumstances. Police does also arrest a person without warrant when the person is accused of committing a cognisable offence, particularly under UAPA which is covered in the later part of this paper. (d) Dominance of Civil Authority. Even in an disturbed area, the civil authority is supreme and continues to function. This act does not displace civil power of the state by the armed forces3. The public continue to enjoy all rights and privileges guaranteed to them by the constitution without any hindrance subject to certain security limitations to facilitate conduct of operations by SF. (e) No Violations of Constitutional Rights. The powers conferred under clauses (a) to (d) of Section 4 and Section 5 of the act, are not arbitrary , unreasonable and are not violative of the provisions of Articles 14, 19 or 21 of th e constitution4 as per ruling of the Supreme Court of India. It needs to be understood that armed forces are only called upon to deal with the internal security problems when all other instruments of the civil power including fail in executing their tasks. AFSPA does not empower armed forces to shoot anywhere and anytime. Firing is resorted to for ensuring safety of the citizens or in self defense. (f) Minimum Use of Force. Armed forces are directed to use minimum possible force required for necessary action against persons acting in contravention to the laid down prohibitive laws. This aspect is reflected in the directions of the Supreme Court on the subject and the Army Doctrine on Sub Conventional Warfare. (g) Handing Over of Detainee to Police . Any person arrested by the armed forces are handed over to the nearest police station with least delay to be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours of his arrest, minus the time required for journey from the place of arrest t o the court . The armed forces also lodge an FIR with the police giving the circumstances under which the person was arrested. A medical certificate by a Government Doctor is also deposited with the police. This procedure negates any misuse or discrepancy on the subject including alleged useof force for the period of detention under . (h) Transparency in Search and Seizures. All actions of search and seizure are carried out with due deliberation. The representatives of the police and villagers are involved while conducting any cordon and search operations. A No claim and No damage certificate is also obtained by the armed forces after conduct of such operations from the village head or the representative of the civil administration. If there is any unintended damage, suitable compensation is also provided by the government. In case of any violation of HR by the armed forces, the same is investigated and disciplinary actionis taken against the defaulters. (j) Dos and Donts. A l ist of Dos and Donts and Ten Commandments have has been issued by the Army Headquarters which are to be followed in letter and spirit while operating in insurgency. The guidelines have statutory status and violation of the rules are liable to be tried by law. (k) Constitutional Remedy. It is alleged that all citizens residing in the disturbed area have no constitutional remedy as guaranteed by Section 32 of our constitution. This is not true. The only safeguard provided to the armed forces in AFSPA is that the sanction of the Central Government is required to file a suit against a person who has committed a crime including violation of human rights. If the crime has actually been committed, the Central Government cannot deny sanction as it has to give reasons for its decisions. It must not be forgotten that wherever Armed Forces Special Powers Act has been enacted, the area has been affected by the separatist forces. The safeguard to the armed forces as provided in the section 6 of Armed Forces Special Powers Act is necessary to prevent vindictive approach towards the security forces by the separatist forces. (l) Immunity and Not Impunity to Armed Forces. It is misunderstood or misinterpreted that the members of the armed forces acting under Armed Forces Special Powers Act are provided absolute immunity for all their actions. This is not true. They are provided immunity only for the actions which have been carried out in good faith while performing their duties. No crime can be committed in good faith hence, this act does not provide any protection against any crime or to the criminal. Any actions outside the law are crimes and are dealt with as per provisions of the laws. 25. The analysis of the facts suggests that there is not much of truth in the facts as are tried to be brought out by various human rights organisations. This act as a legal provision is in no way responsible for human rights violations. It is the misinterpretation and misunderstand ing of the act which make some people and organisation to believe that this act is illegal and is responsible for all human rights violations in low intensity conflict environment. In actuality much more human rights are violated by the police forces in terms of torture, unlawful detention, custodial deaths etc. The demands to repeal the Armed Forces Special Powers Act on the grounds of the act being illegal do not stand to any logic. However, there are certain lacunae in the AFSPA as mentioned earlier which need to be addressed. 26. Recent Steps by Government of India. The demand for repeal of the AFSPA has been made by many quarters, including Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir Omar Abdullah. Notwithstanding opposition from the Army and faced with reports of fake encounters, the government may go ahead with certain amendments in the Armed Forces Special Powers Act which includes handing over of Army personnel in case of extra-judicial killings to the state authorities. The sec ond Administrative Reforms Committee had suggested to the government replacing of the Act with an amended law which gives the centre the right to deploy the Army or para-military forces in situations involving national security. 12. While of late, Army has been raising issues and even terming AFSPA as a holy book, government sources feel that there was a need to give a fresh look to the act and make it more humane. A draft note has been circulated to the law and defence ministries for their comments as the UPA government continues to strive had to fulfil the assurance made by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in carrying out a thorough review of the AFSPA and making it more humane. Once a view is firmed up, the amendments would be listed before the Cabinet Committee on Security. 1. B P Jeevan Reddy commission report on review of Armed Forces Special Power Act, 2. B P Jeevan Reddy commission report on review of Armed Forces Special Power Act. 3. Supreme Court of India, on its verdict on the case filed by Naga Peoples Movement of Human Rights versus Union of India on 27 November 1997, Paragraph 3 and 5. 4. Verdict, Supreme Court Naga Peoples case.. 5. In Defence of Human Rights Practiced by Indian Army, Rajiv Rewari, CLASWS, New Delhi.. 6. AFSPA : A Soldiers Perspective by Harinder Singh, IDSA, New Delhi. 7. ibid, para 9. 8. ibid, para 11. 9. UN Asks India to repeal AFSPA, 23 Mar 2009, newsoutlookindia.com. 10. AFSPA 1958 and Jeeven Reddy Committee by Puyan RakeshMeati. 11. Editorial, The Hindu, 09 Sep 2010. 12. AFSAP : Is a Review Necessary, CLAWS, New Delhi. 13. Special Powers for Armed Forces : We need Clarity, not emotion by Lt Gen Vijay Oberai, CLAWS, New Delhyi.

An Awareness Of A Person With A Physical Disability

The wheelchair assignment was meant for students to develop an awareness of the life of a person with a physical disability. Different barriers that I became more aware of during this excessive include physical and attitudinal. To complete this experience one had to sit in a wheelchair for at least two hours within a public setting. It was preferred that students left Convocation because numerous students, faculty, and staff within the building knew about this assignment. If a student stayed within Convocation then it is likely that they would not experience a wide variety of social reactions or barriers around the rest of the campus. Social Reactions Before the simulation began, I asked a friend if they would be my buddy in case I got†¦show more content†¦I had heard stories of a past student that had an ROTC student saluted them. I have also talked to students that never left the convocation center because they felt awkward in the wheelchair. I was nervous that people would ask how I ended up in a wheelchair and then not understand the purpose of the simulation. At first, it was a little awkward at first due to trying to learn how to make turns. After learning how to control the wheelchair, it was weird to see how peoples’ attitudes seemed automatically different compared to when I was walking around earlier that day. About halfway through I began to get restless and was tempted once or twice to break character and stretch, but I decided against it. Later on, I was getting agitated with people avoiding my eye contact and all of the glances back. I wanted to scream that it was just a wheelchair. Getting food within in the lower dining hall of Central was also a struggle because I couldn’t reach numerous of the food options which was frustrating. I did appreciate how the people working in the dining room didn’t complete task differently because I was in a wheelchair. 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Great Expectations by Charles Dickens Essay - 631 Words

Chapter one of the novel Great Expectations by Charles Dickens is a very important chapter to the novel; it introduces the reader to the novel. Charles Dickens uses a number of different methods and techniques to do this. At the beginning of the chapter Dickens introduces Pip, the main character in the novel. The audience get to know a little about Pips background and his life, Dickens makes it evident right from the beginning that this story is about Pip. We notice that Dickens writes in the first person, he writes as if he is Pip. We see the story through Pips eyes, through the eyes of a child because of this. By using this technique, Dickens makes us feel like we are closer to Pip. It makes us feel as if we are actually†¦show more content†¦This jibbet also gives us a hint about the Convict who is condemned to death. Just as everything seems quiet and plane Dickens uses the convicts shock entrance to shatter the description before it. Everything on the marshes is disrupted by the convict shouting Hold your noise! Dickens uses language that is fierce and terrifying to describe the convict. The negative lexis shows Pips negative feelings towards the convict and because we see that Pip feels scared of the convict we, the audience feel hatred towards him as we have come to care about Pip in the short part of the story that we have already read. We feel this way about the convict right up until Jo sympathises with him saying Poor fellow human creature, we also begin to sympathise when we see Jo acting like this. Dickens fools us by allowing us to believe that the convict is gone for good. We forget about him, we dont think that he is an important part of the story until later on in the novel. Later in the novel we are shocked to find out that ironically, Miss Havisham did not give Pip the great expectations at all, but the convict did. We learn that the convict did everything in his power; he did everything he possibly could have done for Pip and then he died at the end of it all for him. Our first impressions of the convict are all wrong, but we are let to believe them to be true so weShow MoreRelatedGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1113 Words   |  5 Pagesadventures that the male characters go on. This seems to be relevant in a lot of movies and books like the story Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. In Great Expectations there are multiple female characters like Estella, Biddy, and Miss Havisham who all play a large part in the main character, Pip’s life. One of the first that we meet the character Estella in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations is when Pip goes to Miss Havisham’s to play with her. The two kids play the game beggar my neighbor when EstellaRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1347 Words   |  6 Pagespoor status of the economy, social mobility does not seem to be occurring at high rates, with the poor getting poorer and rich getting richer. Despite this, social mobility is alive and well, and has been for centuries. In his novel, Great Expectations, Charles Dickens voices the concerns of many that lived in Victorian England during the 19th century by promoting such a desire to live life in a more prosperous social class. One of the most fundamental and reoccurring themes in the novel is that ofRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1426 Words   |  6 Pages Twelve-year-old Charles dickens gets ready for bed after a long day at the blacking house. These Victorian-aged memories will provide him with many ideas for his highly acclaimed novel Great Expectations. 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In many ways the narrator/protagonist Pip is Charles Dickens in body and mind. While there are many differences between the story and Charles Dickens life there remains one constant. This constant is the way Pip as the narra tor feels, because these feelings are Dickens s own feelings about the life he lead. Since Great Expectations was written towards end of Charles Dickens life, he was wiser and able to make out the mistakesRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1375 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens and The Talented Mr Ripley by Anthony Minghella present similar criticisms of society to a large extent. Both of these texts consider the criticisms of rich social contexts (wealth and status), societal morality (whether a society is good or not. Status [can lead to the wrong people being in a high position i.e. making bad decisions affecting the community/society] Appearance [society appears to be moral/good (if you’re from a higher status) {dickens criticisesRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1223 Words   |  5 PagesBeloved author Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Portsmouth, England. Growing up in a life of poverty, his childhood hardshi ps provided the inspiration to write a myriad of classic novels including his 1861 seminole masterpiece, Great Expectations (â€Å"BBC History - Charles Dickens†). Great Expectations follows the life of an orphan named Pip, who’s perspective of the world is altered when he is attacked by an escaped convict in his parents’ graveyard in the town of Kent. Throughout hisRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens924 Words   |  4 Pagesa character driven novel, or a mix of the two. In order for a novel to be character driven, it must revolve more around the characters’ individual thoughts, feelings, and inner struggles, rather than around the quest of the story. Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, is a character driven novel. While the story does have a plot, it is not contingent upon that plot, but rather is reliant upon its characters and their natures. This is evident from the beginning of the novel. From the opening ofRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1669 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens He was one of England s greatest authors of the 1800 s, better known as the Victorian era. The various themes and ideas of that time are perfectly showcased in his many novels and short stories, such as Nicholas Nickelby, Great Expectations, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, and A Christmas Carol. Much of the inspiration for these works came from the trials and conflicts that he dealt with in his own life. His volumes of fictional writing show the greatRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1017 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiencer is somewhere else absorbing knowledge of a different setting.This abstract adventure is seized by author Charles Dickens in Great Expectations. Great Expectations is historical fiction giving readers comprehension of the Victorian Era.Upon the reading, readers begin to catch on the intended purpose and its significance. A person who lived during the Victorian Era was Charles Dickens himself.He grew up during a time where differences in social class were to an extreme degree.Dickens went through

Portrayal of Asian-Americans in the Canceled Sitcom, All...

Portrayal of Asian-Americans in the Canceled Sitcom, All American Girl Ever since arriving in this country, Asian-Americans have been misunderstood and discriminated against. Lately things have gotten better, but there are still people trying to further improve their situation. Margaret Cho, a Korean-American, is one of them. In the late 1990s she got her own sitcom, All-American Girl. This was a perfect chance to improve the portrayal of Korean-Americans, and Asian-Americans in general. Positive Aspects â€Å"All American Girl† showed many positive portrayals of Asians in a modern day society in California. The show is the first show in history to have a multi generational Asian cast portraying a Korean family in America. The†¦show more content†¦Even though this show was canceled, it was the first show to have a dominantly Asian cast and hopefully will spark more successful shows like it. Negative Aspects As far as TV shows go, Asian Americans- like most other minorities- have been ridiculously under represented and poorly portrayed. All-American Girl was one show that attempted to change that. The show starred mostly Asian Americans and was one of very few that did not cast them as martial artists or service workers. Some argue that the show didnt do enough to better the portrayal of Asians, and still others argue that it may have even hurt. In either case, this was one of the first times that Asian Americans appeared in force on regular TV programming, and the world- or at least the country- was watching. There are a few problems with this show that detract from the positive elements it does have. One of them is that while the show did show factual representations of Asian-American culture, it made a joke out of them. Its unfortunate, but the show was a sitcom. One of the main problems with her show was that the network didnt know what to do with it. Marin (p. 70) quotes ABCs Entertainment president as saying that they needed to go for a Broad family audience . This greatly limited the subjects the show could cover and the manner in which they could cover them. Because of this audience, a cute neighbor girl has been added whose

Technology is a major problem in society Free Essays

We are living in a generation that we can’t complete our day without using technology, A generation of the beginning of the new world order, That have started to become a major problem in our society and effects the way we live. On the one hand, It makes as unsociable in the real life; Since the beginning of technology, When Computers and video games consoles were invented people started to spent more time in their houses playing virtual games and virtual activities that has started to make them unsociable in the real life and isolated from the outside activities, And that creates new diseases and disorder such as laziness and a loss of personality. Second of all, People Started using technology to chat with their friends and beloved once instead of talking to them personally, and that has started to affect our way to communicate with each other’s. We will write a custom essay sample on Technology is a major problem in society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Furthermore, People has started to use technology for online shopping, Paying the bills, and its good it saves time and effort but there is disadvantages of it, people used to go shopping and meet new people why doing it and now the technology Is taking over. On the second hand, People started to lose their Jobs to machines that will do the work for them; nowadays people have been replaced by machines to the Job for example; the train ticket guy has been replaced for a machine to do the Job, tell then unemployment rate has Increased. Second of all, based on the American police department, machine robbery has been Increased since 1990 till now, because It Is easy to rob. On the other hand, technology has made as over dependent on our gadgets; technology had made as over dependent on our gadgets that we cannot not to check on our smartness every minute, we depend on It In everything for example; Navigation, Alarm, Calculator, Calendar. It Is good to have this technologies but what if the battery died? Or the phone got stolen? People will get lost In their life and will face hard time managing It. Second of all, the more people begin to depend on computers and other forms of technology for everyday existence. This means that when a machine breaks or a computer crashes, humans become almost disabled until the problem Is resolved. This kind of dependency on technology puts people at a distinct disadvantage, because they become less self-reliant. In conclusion, as we have seen above, nothing Is perfect. Everything can be dark or right; positive or negative. It depends on the way we deal with It, depending and using technology every day In our lives can cause a lot of problems as mentioned above, we Just have to find a way to use It less than before and not to depend on It. Technology is a major problem in society By Weeks-Shabby people why doing it and now the technology is taking over. Unemployment rate has increased. Second of all, based on the American police department, machine robbery has been increased since 1990 till now, because it is on our smartness every minute, we depend on it in everything for example; Navigation, Alarm, Calculator, Calendar. It is good to have this technologies but what if the battery died? Or the phone got stolen? People will get lost in their life and will face hard time managing it. Second of all, the more people begin to depend on until the problem is resolved. This kind of dependency on technology puts people at In conclusion, as we have seen above, nothing is perfect. Everything can be dark or bright; positive or negative. It depends on the way we deal with it, depending and using technology every day in our lives can cause a lot of problems as mentioned above, we Just have to find a way to use it less than before and not to depend on it. How to cite Technology is a major problem in society, Essays

Cortisol Levels and Subjective Reporting †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Cortisol Levels and Subjective Reporting. Answer: Introduction The short story titled, UFO in Kushiro, by Haruki Murakami, follows Komura as he goes on a trip to Hokkaido to try and get over his wife leaving him. The thread of the story is derived from the 1995 Kobe earthquake which leads to significant loss of life and property. After the earthquake Komuras wife is glued to the television for five days watching the footage from the earthquake. The relationship between the two is estranged and on the 6th day Komuras wife decides to leave him. His wife leaving devastates him and he decides to take a break from his normal activities. His friend asks him to deliver a parcel to Keiko in Hokkaido and the journey to Hokkaido end up being a journey of self actualization for Komura. According to the letter left by Komuras wife, the main reason as to why she was leaving him was the fact that he had nothing inside and he was only a, chunk of air (Boulter 127). This description of Kumora by his wife serves to indicate that he was not a self actualized man. According to Abraham Maslow, in his book, Motivation and Personality, a self-actualized person shares close relations with those in his immediate environment and also has a feeling of affection and identification towards the whole human race. Maslow indicates that a self-actualized man has fulfilled all the requirements in his hierarchy of needs and as a result he/she is able to share efficiently with others and develop close relationships with them. The ability of self actualized individuals to develop close relationship with others also stems from the fact that they tend to be friendly and kind to almost everyone they interact with making them quite lovable. From the story it is evident that Kumora was unable to develop a close relationship with his wife due to the fact that they were unable to share a sense of belonging and love. The fact that Kumora found it difficult to get over his wife leaving him can be regarded as a sign that he was not a self-actualized man. According to Maslow and Albert Einstein, one of the key attributes of self-actualized individuals is that they do not stick to the familiar and easily embrace change, the ambiguous and the unknown (Maslow 22). They are not shocked or threatened with changes in their lives or what they do not understand; instead they embrace that which they do not understand in an effort to better understand it. The fact that Kumora was also uncomfortable being alone also serves to indicate that he was not a self actualized man In describing the characteristics of a self actualized man, Maslow indicates that self actualized individuals is comfortable being alone and find comfort in solitude (Maslow 27). He states that despite having satisfying relationships with other individuals, self actualized people value solitude as it enables them to think and reflect on their lives (Maslow 30). According to Maslows theory of self actualization a person needs to fulfill five different needs in life to obtain self actualization namely physiological needs, safety, belonging and love needs, esteem needs and finally the obtainment of self actualization (Maslow 31). From the story, it is evident that Kumaro had fulfilled the first need, physiological needs, in the self actualization hierarchy. In the story, it is evident that Kumora used to leave in a state of fear. This is seen when the author indicates that Kumoras state of tension could only dissipate when he was with his wife. It is also evident in the statement that Kumora used to live in a perpetual fear of venereal diseases, the vastness of the universe or death and these fears were only quelled when he was with his wife. However, after his interactions with Shimao, Kumaro realizes that he should stop leaving in a state of fear and starts to embrace his life. Through this realization, it can be argued that the interactions with Shimao enabled Kumaro to attain the second level in the self actualization hierarchy tree which is safety needs. In defining the characteristics of a self-actualized man, Maslow indicates that self- actualized individuals do not leave in fear but instead embrace their life with the aim of making it better. By deciding to stop leaving his life in fear Kumaro overcome the first huddle of self actualization. Kumaros journey to travel to Hokkaido also enabled him to attain the third need, belonging and love, under Maslows hierarchy of needs. According to Maslow, for one to attain self actualization, he/she needs to be able to develop close relationship with other people. The relationship can be based on trust, friendship, acceptance and in some instances intimacy. The fact that the relationship between Kumaro and his wife was estranged indicates that there was little to no love between the two. However, from the story it is evident that through his interactions with Shimao, Kumaro develops a strong and intimate relationship with her. This is seen when the two try to sleep together and through the sexual conversations that they have. The author also indicates that Kumaro felt a sense of belonging when he arrived at Hokkaido and they started to converse with Shimao on different issues. The third need in self actualization model is esteem needs. Maslows indicates that for one to obtain self-actualization, he/she needs to attain a feeling of self accomplishment and prestige. Esteem needs are classified into two categories namely personal esteem (achievement, dignity, independence, mastery) and desire for respect and reputation from other individuals. In the story Kumaro lacks independence from his wife due to the fact that he is only at peace when he is with his wife. It is also evident in the fact that Kumaro is unable to stop thinking about his wife after the wife left him. However, when interacting with Shimao, Kumaro does not think about his wife indicating the obtainment of personal independence. His interactions with Shimao also help him in enhance his personal esteem. This is evident in the fact that he feels confident enough to talk about his sexcapedes with Shimoa. The final step in the self actualization ladder is the actual self actualization itself. This is the stage where the person obtains self-fulfillment and is able to learn more about him/her and be able to answer personal questions that plague him. In the story, Kumaro seeks the answer behind the reason as to why his wife refers to him as a chunk of air. This is evident when Kumaro confides about the note left to him by his wife. Shimao informs Kumaro that the package that he bought contained the something that his wife said he is missing. In the end thanks to the conversation Kumaro is able to understand the emptiness his wife was referring to in her note and thus obtain self actualization. Super Frog Saves Tokyo The short story titled, Super Frog Saves Tokyo, follows Katagari a collections officer for Tokyo Security Trust Bank and Frog as they seek to stop another earthquake that will be bigger than the Kobe earthquake. The story raises major questions regarding the question of reality and the distinction between what is real and what is not. In the story Katagiri attempts to determine whether or not the experiences he is going through are true or not. In the story, the line that exists between imagination and reality is completely blurred making it difficult for Katagiri to distinguish between what is real and what is not. However, it can be concluded that Katagiri was only imagining the entire interaction between him and frog and this paper provides arguments to the same. The term real is used to refer to something that has a physical presence or exists as a fact and not an aspect of imagination. This definition of reality is largely confounded by Katagiris experiences with frog. In his interactions with Katigiris Frog is presented as a physical, corporeal being. This is seen in the introductory section of the paper when Katigiri asks frig to prove if he is a true frog and he does that. However, the fact that Frog is only visible to Katigiri serves to bring into questionthe fact of his reality. This is evident in the story when the author indicates that Katigiri struggles to understand whether his interactions with frog are real or just an aspect of his imagination. He is so conflicted with the affair that he wonders as to whether or not he is able to trust his senses in attempting to understand the ongoing around him. One of the major reasons as to why Katagiris experiences can be said to be as a result of his imagination is the fact that Frog only appears to him. This fact is evident when Frog self-destructs leaving a putrid mess in the storys end. The mess is visible to Katigiri but vanish immediately when the nurse who was attending to Katigiri turns on the switch to enter the room. It is also evident from the fact that there is no other witness who is able to confirm the existence of Frog and his interactions with Katigiri excepts for the Big bear executive who is unnamed and unseen. The fact that no tangible information is provided on the existence of the Big Bear Executive, it is logical to conclude that even the executive was an element of Katigiris imagination. Frog also admits to Katigiri that he travels between the realms of dream and imagination thereby serving to make him unreal. This statement serves to strengthen the fact that Frog is only a figment of Katigiris imagination as something that ascribes to the definition of real cannot be able to travel between the dreams and imagination of a person. This is because dreams and imaginations are intangible and corporeal objects are tangible. The argument that Frog is an element of Katagiris imagination is further supported by the Frogs statements when he informs Katigiri that the battle between him and worm was in the arena of his imagination (Murakami 135). Frog told Katigiri that he traveled with him to the arena where they fought with Worm in his dreams. This is physically impossible as individuals are unable to travel while in their dreams. In a study conducted on the biological process of the human body during sleep, it was revealed that the human body releases a hormone that prevents people from being able to make certain actions in our sleeps (Ghaly, Maand Dale 179). This serves as a form of protection as it prevents people from performing certain mechanical actions that might injure them while they sleep. Based on this it is logical to conclude that it was impossible for Katagiri to physically go with Frog to the battle ground. In his dying statements, the Frog warns Katagiri that he should be cognizant of the fact that what he sees with his eyes may not be necessarily real (Murakami 140). This is the strongest indicator of the fact that Frog was not real but an aspect of Katagiris imagination. It also serves as a major indicator to the fact that nothing in the adventures between Katagiri and super frog was real. Even though Frog can be argued to be a figment of Katagiris imagination, the line between reality and imagination is blurred by the fact that the emotional impact of the story makes it quite complicated to disregard the unreal events. The story has a number of riddles that do not result to true intellectual understanding for the reader or katagiri however, in the end of the story the satisfaction he obtains from his perceived interaction with Frog is evident. Even though the impact there might never have been a threat to Tokyo, the impact that Frog had on Katagiri is tangible and real. Thus given the definition of what is real and not. It can be argued that even though Frog was unreal, the level of satisfaction Katagiri obtained was real. Therefore the story contains both elements of reality and imagination. Work Cited Murakami, Haruki. "Super-frog saves Tokyo."After the quake: Stories(2002): 111-140. Boulter, Jonathan. "Writing guilt: Haruki Murakami and the archives of national mourning."ESC: English Studies in Canada32.1 (2006): 125-145. Maslow, Abraham.Motivation and personality. Vol. 2. New York: Harper Row, 1970. Ghaly, Maurice, and Dale Teplitz. "The biologic effects of grounding the human body during sleep as measured by cortisol levels and subjective reporting of sleep, pain, and stress."Journal of Alternative Complementary Medicine10.5 (2004): 767-776.